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JNIVERSAI
LIBRARY
A CHRONOLOGICAL
SURVEY OF WORK
FOR THE BLIND
A CHRONOLOGICAL
SURVEY OF WORK
FOR THE BLIND
(WITH AN APPENDIX ON THE PREVENTION OF
BLINDNESS, AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY)
FROM THE EARLIEST RECORDS UP TO
THE YEAR 1930
BY
HENRY J. WAGG, O.B.E.
Honorary Secretary of the Barclay Workshops for Blind Women
Honorary Treasurer of the Greater London Fund for the Blind
Member of the Council of the National Institute for the Blind, etc.
ASSISTED BY
MARY G. THOMAS
Information Officer, National Institute for the Blind
" I have no confidence in any statesman who attempts to solve
the problems of a country without a knowledge of its history,
and of the lessons to be drawn from that history." DISRAELI.
PUBLISHED FOR THE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR THE BLIND
GREAT PORTLAND STREET, LONDON
BY
SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., LONDON
1932
AT THE PITMAN PRESS, BATH
FOREWORD
BY
THE RT. .HON. LORD BLANESBURGH, P.C., G.B.E.
Chairman of the Ministry of Health A dvisory Committee
on the Welfare of the Blind
THE affliction of blindness makes an irresistible appeal. The
blind can count all men amongst their friends. Their claim
upon everything that is chivalrous and selfless in human
nature can never be denied.
The record of agencies established, of benefactions made (for
the relief of blindness, for the training of the blind in every
variety of useful work, for placing at their service the treasures
of literature, and enabling them to exercise their musical,
literary, and artistic gifts, for their medical and other care) is a
long one, and is confined to no period of history, to no country
or continent. The list of those choice spirits who have devoted
their lives to the care and education of the blind is as long, and
it, too, is limited by no distinctions of race or of creed. In the
result, the blind to an astonishing degree have been, and are
being, helped to help themselves to be self-reliant and inde-
pendent, foremost in some walks of life, prominent in many
others, efficient in all. The resources now at their service,
helped by that strange inward light which seems to cheer and
inspire their physically darkened lives, have made of our blind
friends to-day the good citizens that they are.
Of those who have spent years in the service of the blind
none have been more devoted than the author of this book, and
Mr. Wagg, by its compilation, which has plainly been to him a
labour of love, has rendered a real service to the blind, and to all
who wish to help them, but do not quite know where to begin.
In these pages will be found a complete record of the work
done for the blind throughout the world from the earliest times,
an account of the progress of medicine and surgery in the
treatment and cure of blindness, with a bibliography as com-
plete as is the index to the whole work. The book will be indis-
pensable as a work of reference on the subject with which it
deals, while it is a trumpet call for still further effort in the
cause of those who, in their affliction, are so responsive to
every service rendered them.
PREFACE
I STARTED writing this book in order to show what had been
done in Greater London for its eight thousand and more blind.
Never having attempted to write a book before, I found the
work interesting, and I wanted to learn more, realizing that
although I had been amongst the blind for over twenty-five
years I knew comparatively little of what had been done for
them. Presuming that others might be equally lacking in this
knowledge of the past, and of what is being done elsewhere, I
decided to collect what information I could about the rest of
Great Britain and Ireland, with its blind population of about
56,000.
The next thing that struck me was that to compile a history
of blind work in Great Britain alone would be like drawing a
picture of an object without any surroundings, and so failing
to get true proportion ; so I decided to incorporate the main
facts concerning work for the blind in other parts of the world,
with its blind population of many millions.
The history is intended to show primarily the foundation and
growth of institutions and societies for the blind, the invention
and production of apparatus and methods for enabling them to
lead happier and more useful lives, as well as legislation for
their benefit. It also includes a certain amount of what has
been done by medical science to augment, save, and restore
eyesight, and for the prevention of blindness.
It is not intended to be a history of the blind men and
women who have earned distinction in different walks of life,
such as the poet Milton, Fawcett the Postmaster-General, and
many others, including Helen Keller, a notable example of a
deaf and dumb and blind girl who reached a high standard of
learning. But I have attempted to record the names and
valuable services of those numerous blind persons who have
earned distinction in ameliorating the lot of those who suffer
from the handicap of blindness.
Though I have written of my book as a history, it would be
more correctly described as a register of facts, gathered to-
gether to enable those interested to get a general outline of
vii
viii PREFACE
what has been and is being done for the blind; the date of
any incident referred to will enable the reader to obtain further
information from the numerous books and publications that
have appeared from time to time.
I should like to say that any success I may have attained in
writing this book is largely due to Mr. Henry J. Wilson, late
Secretary of Gardner's Trust for the Blind; for twenty-two
years, until 1919, he published a quarterly magazine, The Blind.
full of valuable information, of which I have made great use
I am further indebted to Miss E. R. Scott's History of tfa
Education of the Blind prior to 1830, for much useful informa-
tion. I should also like to thank Mr. J. Herbert Fisher, M.B.,
F.R.C.S., who gave me numerous valuable facts about medical
and surgical work; Dr. Alfred Eichholz, late Board of
Education; Mr. E. D. Macgregor, Ministry of Health; Miss J.
A. Merivale ; Mr. J. de la Mare Rowley; Mr. W. H. Tate, J.P. ;
the managers of institutions, and secretaries of local societies
throughout the country, and many others without whose help
I should have been unable to compile this work.
I do not claim for it that it is either complete or infallible.
It is merely the best that I can give after studying all the
information at my disposal. In conclusion, I think it may be of
interest to quote an extract from a long article on the blind in
The Encyclopedia Londincnsis (1798), which, written over a
hundred and thirty years ago, is not out-of-date to-day
Parents and relations ought never to be too ready in offering
their assistance to the blind in any office which they can perform,
or in any requisition that they can procure for themselves, whether
they are prompted by amusement or necessity. If he has a
mechanical turn, let him not be denied the use of edge-tools ; for it
is better that he should lose a little blood, or even break a bone,
than be perpetually confined to the same place, debilitated in his
frame, and depressed in his mind. Scars, fractures, and disloca-
tions are trivial misfortunes compared with imbecility, timidity, or
fretf ulness of mind.
H. J. WAGG
CONTENTS
PAGE
FOREWORD BY THE RT. HON. LORD BLANESBURGH, P.C.,
G.E.E. V
PREFACE ......... vii
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY ...... I
APPENDICES
I. THE PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS .... 179
II. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON
THE BLIND, THE DEAF AND DUMB, ETC., 1889 . 187
III. AGENDA OF CONFERENCES
EDINBURGH, IQO5 ...... IQ3
EXETER, igil ....... 194
LONDON, I9O2, 1914 .... 192, 195
MANCHESTER, 1908 ...... 193
NORWOOD, 1890 ...... igi
YORK, 1883 ....... igi
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........ 199
LIST OF TRADES AND VOCATIONS NOTED IN CHRONOLOGY . 2Og
LIST OF INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIETIES IN LONDON . . 211
INDEX 215
ILLUSTRATIONS
Pag*
Nicholas Saunderson ....... 6
Edward. Rushton ........ 6
John Stock 8
John Stanley ......... 8
First School for the Blind in Great Britain . . . .10
Workshops, Gillespie Crescent . . . . .12
Royal Blind Asylum and School, Edinburgh . . .12
School for the Indigent Blind, Southwark . . . 14
Charles Day 18
Thomas William Wing . . . . . . .18
Memorial to William Thwaytes . . . . .20
Extension to Liverpool School for the Blind . . .24
The Royal Institution for the Blind, Birmingham . . 24
Hughes' Typograph ....... 26
Louis IJraille ......... 28
H. W. P. Pine 48
Sir Francis and Lady Campbell . . . . .48
Henry Gardner ........ 56
Henry J. Wilson ........ 56
Miss Elizabeth Gilbert 56
Henry Martin Taylor, M.A., F.R.S 56
Blind Pupils at the Royal Normal College . . . .66
Thomas Rhodes Armitage, M.D. . . . . .68
William Moon, LL.D. ....... 74
Apparatus and Appliances . . . between 82 and 83
Royal School for the Blind, Leatherhead . . . .88
Embossed Diagram . . . . . . .90
Preparing Originals for Embossed Pictures . . .90
Worcester College Library . . . . , . 100
xii ILLUSTRATIONS F *ci g ,
page
Rev. H. G. Rosedale, D.D. 106
Miss E. W. Austin 106
Professor Malcolm McHardy, F.R.C.S . . . .106
National Institute for the Blind . . . . .122
Sergeant Nicholls (blind) Typewriting with Artificial Hands. 138
Blind Boys Gardening . . . . . ' . 138
Lessons with Embossed Apparatus . . . . .146
Sir Arthur Pearson, Bart., G.B.E 148
Henry Stainsby . . . . . . .160
William H. Illingworth . . . . . . .160
The Hon. Mrs. Campion . . . . . . .166
Sir Washington Ranger, D.C.L. 166
Embossed Periodicals . . . . . . .172
Blind Delegates at Esperanto Conference . . . . 1 74
Rotary Press for Braille Printing . . . . .176
An Embossed Map . . . . . . . .176
A CHRONOLOGICAL
SURVEY OF WORK
FOR THE BLIND
CAPPADOCIA Fourth
St. Basil established a " Hospital " for the blind at Caesarea Century
in Cappadocia, and provided them with guides.
SYRIA Fifth
The Hermit of St. Lymnaeus established a Refuge for the Century
blind at Syr in Syria, special cottages being erected for their
use.
FRANCE Seventh
St. Bertrand, Bishop of Le Mans, founded an Institution for Century
the blind, believed to be at Pontlieu in the north-west of France.
FRANCE Eleventh
William the Conqueror, in expiation of his sins, it was said, Century
founded among other institutions Hospices for the blind and
other infirm persons, at Cherbourg, Rouen, Bayeux and Caen.
GERMANY 1178
Duke Welf VII established a Home for the blind at
Memmingen, Bavaria, in which it is believed some sort of
instruction was given.
FRANCE 1860
Louis IX, the saintly King of France, took under his protec-
tion an already existing institution for the care of the blind,
which went by the name of L'Hopital des Quinze-Vingts. The
legend that this institution was built and endowed for his
three hundred Crusaders, who chose to have their eyes put out
by the Saracens rather than swear never to bear arms again
against the Infidel, has been refuted by the researches of the
2 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1260 Abb Prompsault. He proves by ancient documents that the
institution did exist, though its origin seems to have baffled
inquiry, and Louis IX merely bought back the plot of ground in
Paris on which it was built, which is proved by letters patent of
June, 1260. King Louis also rebuilt the domicile for the
blind and increased the number of pensioners to 300, and gave
them an allowance of 30 a year from his privy purse oh condi-
tion that this sum was used for making soup for the poor.
Begging was encouraged on the part of the inmates, to help
support the Home.
1305 BELGIUM
A Hospice for the blind was established at Bruges.
1329 LONDON
The first Asylum for the blind in this country was founded
by William Elsing, a London mercer. This was known-' as
" Elsing Spittle " or " Spital." It stood near London Wall, and
provided shelter for one hundred blind men. "It was con-
fiscated," says Mr. Charles Pendrill, "at the Reformation, on
the excuse that in the Middle Ages all hospitals were religious
foundations/' (See Concerning the Blind, by Dr. J. M. Ritchie.)
1347 SWANSEA, S. WALES
Death of Henry de Gower, Bishop of St. David's, who
founded an Asylum for the aged blind and sick at Swansea,
which he endowed liberally with his own private property as
well as with the revenues of three parish churches.
1350 FRANCE
King John the Good founded a Home for the blind at
Chartres, similar to the one in Paris, but smaller.
1370 BELGIUM
A Hospice for the blind was established at Ghent.
1467 LONDON
The Company of Paynter-Stayners was incorporated by
Edward IV. This old City Company, now known as the Wor-
shipful Company of Painter Stainers, at the present day dis-
tributes about 10 a year each to two hundred blind persons,
from Painters' Hall, E.C.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 3
PRINT, RAISED c. 1517
Early in the sixteenth century, Francisco Lucas of Saragossa,
Spain, contrived a set of letters carved on thin tablets of wood.
This is the first record of raised type for the blind. (See The
Beacon, January, 1924.)
LONDON 1528
The Fullers' Company, incorporated by Edward IV in 1480,
and the Company of Sheermen by Henry VII, were united as
one corporation by Henry VIII under the title of the Cloth-
workers' Company.
This old City Company, now known as the Worshipful Com-
pany of Clothworkers, distributes about 12,000 a year in
pensions to the blind, including the Blind Man's Friend (Day's
Charity) now administered from Clothworkers' Hall.
PRINT, RAISED c. 1550
Girolimo Cardano (1501-1576), a physician of Pavia in
Italy, conceived the idea that the blind might be taught
through the sense of touch, and attempted to procure to some
extent instruction for them. His Natural History mentions a
device for teaching the blind to read and write by sense of
touch, not very different from the modern invention of Braille.
KNITTING
Joan Wast, one of the four blind martyrs of England, main-
tained herself by knitting stockings. (See Blindness and the
Blind, by W. Hanks Levy.)
PRINT, RAISED c. 1575
Rampazetto, of Rome, taught blind people to read by
means of letters incised on thin wooden tablets. The dis-
advantage of this system was that the letters were immovable,
a fresh tablet was required for each page, and there was no
means of duplicating.
ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1601
The Poor Law Act of Queen Elizabeth specifically mentions
relief to be given, amongst others, to the destitute blind.
Prior to the Reformation, the poor, including the blind poor,
were relieved through the activity of the monks.
4 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1601 After the destruction of the monasteries in the reign of
Henry VIII, this mode of assistance necessarily came to an
end, and was replaced, as soon as times became quiet and
peaceful, by the Poor Law Act of Queen Elizabeth, which was
the first statute enacting relief on national lines.
1640 PRINT, RAISED
Pierre Moreau, a notary of Paris, devised a system of mov-
able raised letters cast in lead, and about the same time
Schonberger of Konigsberg, in Prussia, employed letters made
of tin.
1651 PRINT, RAISED
George Harsdorffer, of Nuremberg, recommended the use of
tablets covered with a coat of wax, on which letters could be
formed by means of a stylus.
1660 PRINT, RAISED
Elizabeth Waldkirch was born in Geneva. She was a blind
girl of remarkable intelligence, and her father and his friend,
Bernouilli, the Swiss "savant/' took a delight in teaching her.
Bernouilli had the alphabet incised deeply on a thin wooden
board ; Elizabeth traced out the form of the letters with her
finger, then with a pencil, and by this means learnt to write
correctly on paper with a pencil and even with ink. She learnt
to speak and write Latin, French, and German, and kept up a
voluminous correspondence with her family and friends in all
three languages. We are also told she played several instru-
ments, the violin, the flute, and the organ, with a delightfully
vague "etc." at the end of the list !
1676 PRINT, RAISED
Padre Francesco Lana Terzi advocated a kind of cipher
code based upon a system of dots enclosed in squares or other
figures, and further, an arrangement of knots tied in string.
c. 1680 SCULPTOR
Giovani Gonnelli (sometimes called Gambasius or Gam-
basio) , who lost his sight at the age of 20, commenced work
WORK FOR THE BLIND 5
as a sculptor about 10 years later, and became well known c. 1680
for his work in Italy. 1
YORK, YORKSHIRE 1717
Dorothy Wilson's Charity was founded by a bequest which
provides eight annuities of 8, for blind persons resident in the
city or suburbs of York.
LONDON 1718
In 1718 and subsequent years, the trusts known as "West's
Trusts for the Blind" were created by John and Frances West,
the funds being derived from various properties left to the
Clothworkers 1 Company as trustees.
APPARATUS 1720
Nicholas Saunderson, blind from infancy, Lucasian Professor
of Mathematics at Cambridge, invented a board for working
problems in arithmetic and algebra.
EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND 1721
Thomas Blacklock was born at Annan in Scotland; blind
from infancy, he became a talented pupil at the Grammar
School, studied divinity, and for a short time had charge of the
parish church of Kirkcudbright. Later he became a school-
master, and was keenly interested in the education of the blind.
His example paved the way for the founding of the Edinburgh
Institution for the Blind.
OUNDLE, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 1723
John Clifton, by his will dated 1723, left 300 for two blind
pensioners of Oundle. (The charity did not take effect till
about 1785.)
APPARATUS 1756
Herr Weissembourg was born at Mannheim, Germany, in
1756; he lost his sight at the age of five. He was a bright,
intelligent child, and his parents, being well-to-do, procured for
him a tutor, Christian Niesen, who devoted all his energies to
developing his pupil's ardent intellect. He taught the boy to
1 Extract from Blindness and the Blind, by W. Hanks Levy (1872)
in which book other mention is made of sculptors and wood carvers.
2 (2155)
6 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1756 write in French, as well as in his native German, im-
proved on Saunderson's arithmetical table, and invented
various contrivances for teaching his pupil algebra, trigono-
metry and geometry, for the boy had a marked talent for
mathematics. The maps which the tutor prepared for his
geography lessons especially excited the wonder of his con-
temporaries. In them the boundaries were marked in silk
knots on the paper or cardboard on which the map was drawn,
the rivers were marked in wire, the mountains by wooden pegs,
the cities and towns by pins of varying size. Weissembourg
was a very expert chess player; he taught a deaf and dumb
man to play, and the two were ever afterwards constant, but
friendly, opponents at the game.
1759-1822 PRINT, RAISED
Maria Theresa von Paradis was born in Vienna, 1759 ; she
lost her sight when two years old. Her father quickly r&og-
nized his child's talent for music, and obtained the best teachers
for her. She was taught to read by means of pins stuck into
a cushion in the shape of the letters of the alphabet ; when she
had learnt their forms by passing her fingers over the pinheads,
she was able to read when the writing was pricked through
stout paper or cardboard. Herr von Kempellen invented a
press for her, by means of which she printed German characters
in relief. She early made her debut as a singer in church choirs,
and was a skilful organist while still a child. The Empress
Maria Theresa was a lover of music, and perhaps even more, of
a child musician; she soon took a fancy to her little blind
namesake, and gave her a pension of 200 gulden a year.
1774 LONDON
The Rev. William Hetherington, a Governor of Christ's
Hospital, in the hope that his example would be followed, gave
20,000 to enable the Governors to pay annuities of 10 each
to fifty aged blind persons. (The income in 1930 was 8,000,
and the number of pensioners 514.)
1777 LONDON
Hugh Humston, by his will dated 1777, left a sum of money
to provide pensions for the blind. The Humston Charity for
the Blind, administered by the Aldgate Lordship Foundation,
WORK FOR THE BLIND 7
Whitechapel, E., provides pensions for five blind persons, who 1777
receive about 14 8s. each per annum.
PRINT, RAISED 1779
Death of a man named "Blind Jacob/' at Netra, a Hessian
village; he lost his sight when eighteen months old through
smallpox. He reached a high standard of education by means
of embossing characters on wooden staves. (See The Braille
Review, March, 1903.)
DUBLIN, IRELAND
Simpson's Hospital for the Blind and Gouty was founded
"to provide a home for blind and gouty men who have once
been respectable merchants, traders, or professional men in
Ireland."
(In 1884 about 60 blind persons were benefited. It apparently
ceased to exist as a blind charity soon after.)
LONDON 1781
John Stock signed his will, leaving 55,000 reduced 3 per
cent to the Company of Painters and Stainers "to be dis-
tributed to the Aged and Blind and other charitable purposes."
Numerous other small sums have been bequeathed to this
City Company for granting pensions since that date.
(In 1930 the Company was granting annuities of 10 to
two hundred blind persons, distributed throughout England;
the blind in Scotland, Ireland, and Wales are excluded.)
YORK
York Emanuel Charity was founded for granting annuities
of 10 to 20 to ministers, their wives, widows, or children,
" blind, nearly blind, or idiotic." The income of the Charity is
about 500 a year.
BRISTOL, GLOUCESTERSHIRE 1784
John Merlott, by his will dated January, 1784, bequeathed
3,000 to the Corporation of Bristol, the interest of which was
to provide pensions for blind persons over fifty years of age.
John Merlott 's Charity, thus founded, has since been aug-
mented by several gifts and bequests. (In 1930 there were
thirty-eight pensioners, and the income amounted to 492.)
8 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1784 FRANCE
Valentin Haiiy founded, in Paris, the first School for the
Blind L'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles (Institu-
tion for young blind people). He was born in Picardy in 1745,
and became the first great pioneer in the education of the
blind.
The same year that the school was founded Haiiy placed the
first embossed books within reach of blind people, his pupil %
Francois Lesueur, having discovered by accident the value of
embossing on paper.
LONDON
Jonathan Granger having bequeathed a sum of money to
the Drapers' Company, Granger's Charity was founded, which
now enables fourteen blind persons to receive 10 each, every
alternate year.
1786 STANLEY, JOHN
Death of John Stanley (born 1731), in many respects one of
the greatest blind musicians. In spite of the fact that there
was no embossed literature, he became Mus.Bac., Oxon, at the
age of sixteen, and afterwards organist at St. Andrew's,
Holborn, and the Temple Church, London. A contemporary
of Handel, he not only (in conjunction with J. Christopher
Smith) conducted the oratorio performances initiated by
Handel, but held the office of Master of the King's Band of
Music.
(The reason for the inclusion of John Stanley in this book is
the fact that he was a pioneer in what has since become a
recognized profession for the blind.)
1787 FRANCE
Valentin Haiiy at his school in Paris taught his pupils to
make hemp into thread and cord, and then into nets and
webbing.
1789 FRANCE
Valentin Haiiy secured for his blind orchestra a position in
the chapel of the Tuileries in Paris.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 9
APPARATUS 1790
Dr. Moyes invented improvements to Nicholas Saunderson's
Arithmetic Board.
LIVERPOOL, LANCASHIRE jygj
The first School for the Blind in England (and for the blind
only, in the world) was opened at the instigation of Edward
^Rushton, a blind poet, in two small houses in Commutation
Row, Liverpool. (See The Blind, 1913, No. 64.)
Basket -making was one of the first industries taught at this
and most other institutions for the blind. l
(In 1930 there were 210 blind persons in this Institution:
96 elementary pupils, 100 technical pupils, 6 employed in the
workshop, and 8 on the staff.)
BRISTOL 1793
A School for the Blind was founded by Messrs. Bath and Fox,
two members of the Society of Friends, in Callow Hill Street.
The first trades attempted were plaiting whips and spinning
flax. Stay-lace manufacture was later tried for a short time,
out was soon followed by basket-making.
(In 1930 the Royal School of Industry for the Blind, Bristol,
had 615 blind persons on the register, including 85 elementary
and 22 technical pupils at its school at Westbury-on-Trym, 81
employed in the workshops in Park Street, 55 home workers,
and 7 otherwise employed; 17 women were residing in its
Hostel, and 5 in its Home.)
EDINBURGH
The first Institution in Scotland, known as the Society for
the Relief of the Indigent Blind, was opened at Edinburgh ;
within two months of its foundation, workshops were opened
under the name of The Asylum for the Industrious Blind.
The Institution was founded by the Rev. David Johnston,
D.D., a minister of Leith.
(In 1930 there were 586 blind persons on the register of the
Royal Blind Asylum and School, including 125 in the ele-
mentary and secondary schools, 101 technical pupils, including
those learning music, 122 employed in the workshops, 17 home
1 It is interesting to note that this is one of the oldest known crafts.
It is said to have been carried on by the Azilian people in the south of
Spain about 15,000 to 12,000 B.C,
io CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1793 workers, and 17 otherwise employed. There were 17 blind in
the Institution's Hostel, 39 in its Home, and 148 pensioners.)
1794 SUSSEX
Fuller's Charity for the Blind of Sussex was founded by
John Fuller. Pensions of 9 125. each are administered to six
blind persons.
1796 LONDON
John Came left 18,200 reduced annuities to the Cord-
wainers' Company for the provision of pensions for the blind.
(In 1929, 104 blind persons received annuities of 5 each.)
1797 LONDON
Joanna Rashdale bequeathed 1,000 Consols to provide
pensions for blind women.
(Rashdale's Charity for Blind Women is now administered
by Gardner's Trust, and provides four annual pensions of
7 IQS. each.)
1799 LONDON
School for the Indigent Blind, St. George's Fields, South-
wark, was founded. It owed its inception to the efforts of four
gentlemen, viz. : Thomas Boddington, Samuel Bosanquet,
James Ware, and William Houlston.
It afterwards became the Royal School for the Blind,
Leatherhead.
(In 1930 there were 451 blind persons on the register of the
Royal School, including 147 technical pupils, 42 workers and
15 otherwise employed at Leatherhead; 139 workers and 9
technical pupils at its workshop, the Blind Employment
Factory, in London ; 61 persons in its Homes, and 38 pensioners.
Forty-six of the blind were in the Institution's Hostels.)
1800 LIVERPOOL
Liverpool School was moved to Hotham Street, London
Road, and began taking resident pupils.
LONDON
The School for the Indigent Blind, Southwark, decided that
the purpose of the School was "to educate and maintain
fifteen blind persons who should be taught a trade/'
WORK FOR THE BLIND n
t
BRISTOL 1803
Bristol School moved to larger premises in Lower Maudlin
Street, and started taking female pupils as inmates.
AUSTRIA 1804
The first School for the Blind in Austria was opened at Vienna.
ESSEX
Chigwell United Charities started a Benevolent Fund.
(In 1930 the income was 2, this amount being given
annually to one or two blind women in the district.)
GLASGOW, SCOTLAND
John Leitch died, bequeathing 5,000 for the purpose of
founding an Asylum for the Blind in Glasgow. (See 1826.)
KENT 1805
Miss Elizabeth Denward's Charity for the Blind of Kent was
founded at Canterbury. It provided twelve pensions of about
3 155. and twelve of about i 175. per annum, to widows.
NORWICH, NORFOLK
Norwich Asylum and School for the Blind was founded by
Mr. Thomas Taw ell, a wealthy iron merchant, who had been
blind, but partially recovered his sight. He purchased Lord
Bradford's mansion in Magdalen Street, with four acres of
land, and also presented 1,000 guineas ; he took a keen interest
in the Institution until his death in 1820.
(In 1930 the Norwich Institution for the Blind, 132 Magdalen
Street, had 73 blind persons on the register, of whom 19 were
in the workshops, 12 were trainees, and 13 were home workers ;
and their Home accommodated n men and 18 women.)
Note. In 1930 there were 318 blind persons on the register
of the City of Norwich and 447 on the register of the County of
Norfolk, and the welfare of the blind was being looked after
by the respective local authorities.
EDINBURGH 1806
The Asylum for the Industrious Blind acquired premises in
Nicolson Street, where the workshops remained until 1923.
GERMANY
The first School for the Blind in Germany was opened at
Steglitz.
12 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1806 OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE
William Haynes, by his will dated 1806, left about 1,266,
the income of which was to provide pensions for four blind
persons of Oxford. (See Oxford, 1875.)
1807 RUSSIA
The first Institution for the Blind in Russia was founded by
Valentin Haiiy at St. Petersburg. (Now Leningrad.)
1808 HOLLAND
An Institution for the education of the blind was founded
at Amsterdam.
SWEDEN
The first Institution for the Blind in Sweden was founded at
Stockholm.
1809 SWITZERLAND
The first Institution for the Education of the Blind in Switzer-
land was founded at Zurich.
1810 DUBLIN
The Richmond Institution for the Instruction and Employ-
ment of the Industrious Blind, Upper Sackville Street, Dublin,
was founded, and named after the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
the Duke of Richmond.
(In 1930 there were 37 blind workers and 17 trainees, the
latter residing in the Institution.)
C. 1810 LONDON
The School for the Indigent Blind, Southwark, moved to
Blackfriars Road, opposite the Obelisk, where a commodious
School House was built.
Thomas Newnam bequeathed to the Clothworkers' Company
10,000 Consols for providing pensions for the blind.
MANCHESTER, LANCASHIRE
Death of Thomas Henshaw of Oldham, who left a sum of
20,000, for the purpose of establishing an Asylum for the
Indigent Blind. The will was contested by the relatives, but
after twenty-five years the Court of Chancery gave a verdict in
accordance with the terms of the will, which provided that
none of the money should be spent on building. (See 1837.)
(2155)
School and Women's Department, Craigmillar Park
ROYAL BLIND ASYLUM AND SCHOOL, EDINBURGH
WORK FOR THE BLIND 13
DENMARK 1811
The first Institution for the Blind in Denmark was founded
at Copenhagen.
HEMEL HEMPSTEAD. HERTFORDSHIRE 1813
By his will, dated May, 1813, Benjamin Collett of Downing
Street, Westminster, left a sum of money to provide pensions
for four bfnd persons, preference being given to residents in or
near Hemel Hempstead. Benjamin Collett 's Charity for the
Blind was thus founded.
(In 1930 there were four pensioners, and the income was
11 i6s. per annum.)
LONDON
Rachel Farmer bequeathed 1,000 4 per cent Consols to the
Goldsmiths' Company for the provision of pensions for the
blind.
LIVERPOOL 1814
Death of Edward Rushton (born 1755). As mate in a vessel
bound for Dominica he contracted malignant ophthalmia, but
struggling bravely against difficulties he subsequently main-
tained himself as a bookseller, and published poems and other
literary efforts.
He was the originator of the proposal for the first School
for the Blind in England the School for the Indigent Blind,
Liverpool.
DUBLIN 1815
The National Institution and Molyneux Asylum for the
Blind of Ireland, Leeson Park, Dublin, was founded. There
is a School for the young and a Home for the aged. Main-
tenance is free. Female Protestants only are admitted. (In
1904 there were 49 inmates, but since 1913 only adults have
been admitted; in 1930 there were 32 inmates, 26 of whom
were employed in the workshops.)
APPARATUS 1817
David Macbeath of Edinburgh made further improvements
in Nicholas Saunderson's Arithmetic Board.
14 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1819 LIVERPOOL
Liverpool School for the Indigent Blind built a chapel, said
to be an exact copy in its dimensions of the temple of Zeus
Pan-Hellinus in the island of Aegina. (It was somewhat
damaged when moved later to Hardman Street.) The Chapel
became famous for the singing of its blind choir, and in twenty-
six years handed over 12,000 surplus income to the r chool.
LONDON
Institution for the Relief of the Indigent Blind of the Jewish
Persuasion, now known as the Jewish Blind Society, was
founded at Aldgate, E.
(In 1930 the Society's offices were at 135 Fordwych Road,
N.W. 2. In 1929 4,339 was distributed to 144 pensioners.)
PRINT, RAISED
Captain Charles Barbier, a French artillery officer, invented
an arrangement of cells containing two vertical rows of six
points each, certain combinations of which could, on phonetic
principles, be made to represent the letters of the alphabet
The system did not prove practicable, but laid the foundation
on which Louis Braille worked in perfecting his system of
writing ten years later.
1820 SPAIN
The first Institution for the Education of the Blind in Spain
a day school was founded in Barcelona. (There was no
boarding school for the blind in Spain until one was opened
twenty-one years later in Madrid.)
1821 LONDON
The School for the Indigent Blind, Southwark, gave its first
Musical Exhibition.
PRINT, RAISED
The Lady Elizabeth Lowther brought from Paris some em-
bossed books for the blind for the use of her son, afterwards
Sir Charles Lowther, Bart. She procured some type, by which
he might be enabled to emboss other books; as a result,
Charles Lowther, aided by a clever manservant, embossed
the Gospel of St. Matthew and several Epistles for his own use.
SCHOOL FOR THE INDIGENT BLIND, SOUTHWARK
(Removed to Leatherhead 1902)
(2155) 14
WORK FOR THE BLIND 15
EDINBURGH 1824
Death of the Rev. David Johnston, founder, and for. thirty
years secretary, of the Asylum for the Industrious Blind.
EDINBURGH 1826
A Home for Blind Women, i Hill Place, to accommodate
25 blind vomen, was opened. It remained there until 1876,
and was the predecessor of the Thomas Burns Home.
GLASGOW 1826
The Glasgow Asylum for the Blind, 100 Castle Street, .4,
later known as the Royal Glasgow Asylum for the Blind, was
opened.
(In 1930 it had 384 workshop employees, and 194 trainees.
Its Hostel accommodated 99 of its trainees, and 17 blind men
were in its Home.)
LONDON
The School for the Indigent Blind, Southwark, was incor-
porated by Royal Charter. Mat -weaving was added to the list
of trades taught.
LONDON 1827
Miss Susannah Bird, by her will executed in 1827, left 1,000
Consols (reduced by legacy duty to 900), the income of which
was to be distributed annually to six blind persons by the
School for the Indigent Blind, Southwark.
(In 1930 Susannah Bird's Annuities were given to six blind
persons by the Royal School, Leatherhead.)
PRINT, RAISED
Books were printed in relief, for the first time Roman
capital letters by James Gall of Edinburgh, who later intro-
duced the art of embossed printing into England. In his early
printing the letters had no curves, but were angular and with
sharp edges.
BERKSHIRE 1829
Yarnold's Charity for the Blind, administered by the Clerk
of the Wokingham United Charities, was founded, to administer
i6 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1829 annual gifts not exceeding 5 each to two blind men and two
blind women, preference being given to residents of Hurst and
Ruscombe.
PRINT, RAISED
Louis Braille invented the embossed alphabet, in France,
now in general use throughout the blind world. It was
adopted by L'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles
in Paris in 1854, soon after his death, and by Dr. T. R. Armitage
when founding the British and Foreign Blind Association,
London, 1868. (For outline of Braille's life see 1852.)
1880 PIANOFORTE-TUNING
The first blind piano tuner is believed to have been Claude
Montal, who, about this time, together with a fellow pupil at
L'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris,
attempted to tune the piano on which they practised/ The
success which attended their efforts resulted in the beginning
of regular instruction in tuning, and the opening up of piano-
forte-tuning as a new avocation for the blind.
1831 BELFAST, IRELAND
Ulster Institution for the Deaf and Blind was founded at
Belfast.
(In 1928 the Ulster Society for Promoting the Education of
the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, Lisburn Road, had 25
blind and 69 deaf and dumb inmates ; in 1930 the blind pupils
numbered 18 and there was i blind teacher.)
1832 AMERICA
The first two Schools for the Blind in America were founded.
(a) The New England Asylum for the Blind, now known as
Perkins Institution and Massachusetts. School for the Blind,
was opened in Boston.
(b) The New York Institution for the Blind, now known as
the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind, was
opened in New York City.
PRINT, RAISED
Edinburgh Society of Arts offered a gold medal value 20
for the best method of printing for the blind. There were
WORK FOR THE BLIND 17
nineteen competitors during the next few years. The medal 1832
was awarded to Dr. Edmund Fry, whose alphabet consisted of
the ordinary capital letters denuded of their small strokes ; it
never attained any practical success.
AMERICA 1833
The Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the
Blind was opened in Philadelphia. Perkins Institution, the
New York Institution, and the Philadelphia Institution were
the three "pioneer schools" of the United States. They are
incorporated and endowed.
YORK
Yorkshire School for the Blind was founded at York in
memory of William Wilberforce, M.P., the eminent philan-
thropist, who died that year. It was he who led Parliament to
abolish slavery in the British dominions.
LIMERICK, IRELAND 1834
The Limerick Asylum for Blind Females connected with
Trinity Church, Limerick, was founded.
(In 1930 there were three blind inmates.)
LONDON
The Indigent Blind Visiting Society was founded by Lord
Shaftesbury and Lord Ebury, for the purpose of improving the
condition of the blind resident in or near London by providing
them with
(a) Readers of the Scriptures at their own homes and else-
where.
(b) Guides when needed to take them to places of worship,
and to the classes established by the Society.
(c) Instruction.
(d) Temporal relief.
(In 1930 about 600 persons were benefited.)
The School for the Indigent Blind built a wing on to the
premises at Southwark, increasing the accommodation to 150.
They decided that the pupils were only to be instructed in the
Alston system of reading and writing.
18 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1885 EDINBURGH
A School for Blind Children was founded by James Gall in the
South Bridge; it was afterwards moved to St. John Street.
(See 1851.)
LONDON
William Thwaytes bequeathed 20,000, to the Clothworkers'
Company for providing pensions for the blind.
YORK
The Yorkshire School for the Blind acquired property called
The King's Manor; its first superintendent was the Rev.
William Taylor, M.A., inventor of the Taylor Frame for
Arithmetic and Algebra. Shortly afterwards the pupils started
to make baskets, rope mats, knitted shawls, stockings, etc.
1836 LONDON
Blind Man's Friend, or Day's Charity, was founded by a sum
of 100,000 left by Charles Day (of the firm of Day and Martin,
blacking makers) for the benefit of persons suffering under the
same affliction as he "deprivation of light." This Charity is
now administered by the Clothworkers' Company, and 3,520
is distributed annually in pensions.
(A new scheme of administration was framed by the Charity
Commissioners in 1908.)
1837 MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum, later known as Henshaw's
Institution for the Blind, was founded in a building erected by
public subscription in Old Trafford ; it became one of the largest
Institutions in the country.
(In 1930 it had 118 school pupils, 155 technical pupils,
194 workshop employees, 29 home workers, 64 residents in
its Homes, and 19 blind instructors, teachers, or persons
otherwise employed.)
NORWICH
Norwich Asylum and School for the Blind purchased a
number of books in the Alston system.
(2155)
THOMAS WILLIAM WING
Founder of the Wing Pensions (1889)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 19
BRISTOL 1838
Bristol School, etc., moved to larger premises at the top of
Park Street, with a residential school for boys. (These premises
were vacated in 1911.)
EXETER, DEVON
A meeting was called by John Bacon in Exeter for the
purpose of endeavouring to establish a School in the city for
teaching the indigent blind to read. A Mrs. Friend had already
been teaching the Lucas System to a few blind persons, and it
was largely through her that the School was founded; she
remained its superintendent until her death in 1875.
The Exeter Indigent Blind School started work in a room in
the Athenaeum hired for twenty guineas a year. This became
The West of England Institution for the Blind.
(In 1930 there were 188 blind persons on the register of the
Institution, including 73 elementary pupils, 8 technical pupils,
20 workshop employees, 50 home workers, and 4 otherwise
employed.)
LONDON
The London and Blackheath Association was founded for
the production of books in the type invented by James
Hatley Frere; the Association ceased to exist within a short
time. (See Concerning the Blind, by Dr. J. M. Ritchie.)
Harry Osborne Cureton gave by deed, and later bequeathed,
sums totalling 5,000 Consols to the Goldsmiths' Company, the
interest therefrom to be used for the relief of poor aged blind
men.
Mr. Lucas, a citizen of Bristol, invented an embossed type
for the blind, and came to London to procure its more general
use. The result was the founding of the London Society for
Teaching and Training the Blind, in Hart Street, Bloomsbury.
It moved shortly afterwards to Gloucester Street, Bloomsbury,
and later to Swiss Cottage, N.W. 3. Within two years the work
had expanded, and included the teaching of basket-making,
knitting, and netting.
(In 1930 it was responsible for the care of 600 blind persons :
83 in the elementary School, 106 in the technical School, 173
20 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1838 workshop employees, 3 typists, 230 home workers, and 5
pensioners.)
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE, NORTHUMBERLAND
Early in the year the Asylum for the Blind of Newcastle-
upon-Tyne and the counties of Northumberland and Durham
was founded at the Spital near Westgate Street. Owing to
differences of opinion over religious instruction a second
Asylum, known as the Northern Asylum for the Blind, Deaf,
and Dumb, was established in June at Wellington Place,
Pilgrim Street. The same year a public meeting was called,
and it was resolved that in order to celebrate Her Majesty's
Coronation a subscription be entered into for the purpose of
erecting a suitable building for the accommodation of the blind,
to be called The Royal Victoria Blind Asylum.
PRINT, RAISED
The Society of Arts for Scotland presented its silver medal
to John Alston, " for his tables, with wood-cut illustrations, and
his musical catechism, with tunes, printed in relief, and ex-
hibited to the Society on the i6th and 30th May, 1838 ; and
for his zealous, energetic, and benevolent exertions for the
education of the blind."
1839 EXETER
Exeter Institution changed its name to the West of England
Society for the Instruction and Employment of the Blind, and
moved to Paul Street ; it was also decided that all new pupils
were to be taught the Alston type.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
Two of the Blind Institutions established in Newcastle the
previous year were merged into the Royal Victoria Asylum for
the Industrious Blind of the Counties of Northumberland and
Durham and the town of Berwick-on-Tweed, but the Northern
Asylum refused to come into the amalgamation as the differ-
ences on points of religious teaching could not be agreed upon.
(See 1848.)
The books used for instruction were those of Mr. John
Alston of Glasgow. Basket-making, mat-making, and knitting
were the staple industries taught, but included in a lengthy
MEMORIAL TO WILLIAM THWAYTES IN THE CLOTHWORKERS'
(3155) HALL, LONDON
WORK FOR THE BLIND 21
list of articles made were " hair-friction gloves for the cure of 1839
rheumatism, and for promoting the circulation of the blood."
(In 1930 the Royal Victoria School for the Blind was looking
after 156 blind persons, including 92 elementary pupils at
Benwell Dene, 39 male technical pupils at Benwell Cottage,
and 25 female technical pupils at Benwell Grange ; 49 of the
above were in the Institution's Hostels.)
AMERICA 1840
The first Workshop for the Blind in America was started at
Perkins Institution in Boston.
CORK, IRELAND
The City and County of Cork Asylum for the Industrious
Blind, Infirmary Road, was founded.
(In 1930 it had 48 blind persons on the register, including
20 workshop employees, 6 trainees, and 22 in its Home. Its
Hostel accommodated 20 of the blind.)
DUNDEE, SCOTLAND
A Fund was established for the benefit of blind persons of the
name of Webster, Speed, Watt, & Johnston; this limitation
was afterwards overcome by Mr. J. G. Davidson giving 6,000
for helping others.
(In 1930 the Webster & Davidson Mortification for the
Blind amounted to about 18,000.)
EXETER
Exeter Blind School started spinning and basket-making as
industries for the blind.
PRINT, RAISED
John Alston, Hon. Treasurer of Glasgow Asylum, who had
been printing for three years in embossed Roman capitals,
now printed the whole Bible; several other works followed,
until his death in 1846, when this work ceased. He also in-
vented the Alston writing frame, now non-existent.
YORK
The Yorkshire School for the Blind started weekly concerts
by its pupils.
3 (2155)
22 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1841 BRIGHTON, SUSSEX
Brighton School for the Blind, Eastern Road, was started
for children of both sexes.
(In 1887 there were 47 inmates. In 1930 the then Brighton
School for Blind Boys had 60 blind pupils and I blind teacher.)
LIVERPOOL
The Catholic Blind Asylum was founded at 16 Islington ; it
was then, and is still (in 1930), the only Blind Institute in
England and Wales exclusively for Roman Catholics.
(In 1930 there were 204 blind persons on its register, includ-
ing 84 in the elementary school, 37 in the technical school, and
83 in the Home.)
LONDON
The Hon. Frances Harley assigned a certain property (since
sold) for the provision of pensions. Harley's Charity now pro-
vides pensions of 20 each to thirteen blind persons.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
Newcastle Asylum moved to larger premises in Northumber-
land Street (purchased for 2,300), where it remained for over
fifty years.
NORWICH
Norwich Asylum and School for the Blind, having now
forty-nine blind persons, erected an additional building at a
cost of 250.
1842 EXETER
The Committee of the Exeter Institution decided to acquire
larger premises and issued a public appeal, with the result that,
soon after, they were able to move to suitable buildings on St.
David's Hill.
LONDON
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
started a special fund for embossing books; from that time
onwards the Scriptures and secular works in Lucas type were
WORK FOR THE BLIND 23
sent all over the country, as well as to India, China, and the 1842
colonies.
YORK
The Yorkshire School for the Blind started hair-plaiting as
an industry, but the work proved too fine for general use.
ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND 1843
Largely through the munificence of Miss Cruickshank, the
Aberdeen Asylum for the Blind, Huntly Street, was founded,
for looking after the welfare of the blind in the counties of
Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine. Orkney and Shetland were
added later.
(In 1930 the Asylum had workshops and showroom at 50
Huntly Street. There were 71 blind persons employed in the
workshops and 34 trainees.)
LONDON
The Christian Blind Relief Society was founded. The name
was changed about fifty years later to the National Blind
Relief Society. (See 1926.)
The Governesses' Benevolent Institution was founded. (In
1860, 1863, 1865, 1872, 1876, the Institution received sums of
money for provision of one pension each to five blind gov-
ernesses.)
MANCHESTER
The Annual Report of Henshaw's Asylum stated that the
blind choir had memorized the whole of the psalms.
NOTTINGHAM, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
The Midland Institution for the Blind was founded in a house
in Park Street ; later known as the Royal Midland Institution
for the Blind, it looked after the welfare of the blind in the
counties of Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, and Rutland. It
had its origin in the gathering together of a few blind persons
with the object of teaching them to read the Bible. Foremost
in this pioneer work in founding the Institution were Miss
Chambers (blind), and Miss Woods, a member of the Society
of Friends, who took a deep interest in the Institution until
24 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1843 her death fifty-five years later. Thomas Parr (blind) was
appointed schoolmaster, and held that post for forty-nine
years, and it was said of him "no one can exaggerate the good
that his influence and teaching conferred on many generations
of the young blind."
(In 1930 there were 840 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 65 employed in the workshops, 76 trainees, 86 home
workers, and 4 blind home teachers. Hostel accommodation
was provided for 70 of the above.)
1846 ACT OF PARLIAMENT
The Poor Law Amendment Act, 1845, enabled Parochial
Boards to contribute towards any asylum for the blind.
This law applied to Scotland as well as England and Wales.
GLOUCESTER
John Wintle, by his will, dated June, 1845, left a sum of
money, the income of which is 8 a year. John Wintle's
Charity is distributed every Christmas to blind persons in
Gloucester by the Trustees of the Consolidated Charities of
St. Michael's parish, Gloucester.
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum added a new wing, including a
concert hall and a workroom.
1846 BIRMINGHAM, WARWICKSHIRE
The Institution, later called the Birmingham Royal
Institution for the Blind, was founded at Edgbaston.
William Harrold, a Birmingham merchant, conceived the
idea of establishing the Institution, but died before the scheme
was carried out; however, his daughter, Elizabeth, and her
friend, Miss Mary Badger, rented a small house in Ruston
Street, where the Institution was started. It soon after
removed to larger premises in Ryland Street, and in the
first annual report in 1848, the address was 113 Broad Street.
In addition to school subjects, knitting, straw-plaiting, and
basket-making were taught. Miss Badger was the Hon. Lady
Superintendent for forty-eight years.
(In 1930 there were 1,900 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 176 residents, besides 30 in the Hostels, 40 day scholars,
lix TENSION TO Tin-: SCHOOL FOR TUK BLIND, HARDMAN
HTMl'KT, LIVERPOOL
(Building in l*mt*rrs^ i("jo}
(2155)
ROYAL INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND, BIRMINGHAM
WORK FOR THE BLIND 25
203 workshop employees, 136 home workers, 28 other em- 1846
ployees, and 44 adult trainees.)
BRIGHTON , 1847
Dr. William Moon founded Moon's Institute for the Blind
at 104 Queen's Road, Brighton, for the printing and publish-
ing of literature in "Moon Type" invented by him.
(In 1914 the Society became a branch of the National Insti-
tute for the Blind. In 1915 the title was changed to the Moon
Society. In 1930 the number of "Moon" productions was
over 69,000.)
LONDON
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
acquired the 96 years' lease of its present site at Swiss Cottage
at a cost of 4,500, including building, and moved in 1848.
BIRMINGHAM 1848
Mr. James Taylor presided at a meeting held with a view to
establishing the Birmingham Institution as a public charity.
He was elected its first President. Shortly afterwards the
Institution was moved to larger premises, Islington House,
Broad Street, Edgbaston.
EXETER
Mr. R. W. Wyllie was appointed musical instructor at the
Exeter School for the Blind ; he introduced a plan of musical
notation invented by himself, using Lucas's characters.
Shortly afterwards the Institution acquired a printing press in
order to extend its work.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
The Northern Asylum for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb trans-
ferred all its blind to the Royal Victoria Asylum.
LIVERPOOL 1849
The Catholic Blind Asylum moved to 20 St. Anne Street.
BATH 1850
The Institution for the Blind and Deaf and Dumb was
founded; pupils of both sexes were received for elementary
26 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1850 education. (In 1930 this Institution had long ceased to exist.
See 1857.)
LONDON
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
decided not to admit boarders over fourteen years of age.
MANCHESTER
Mr. and Mrs. G. A. Hughes were for twenty years the first
Governor and Matron of Henshaw's Blind Asylum, Manchester.
In 1850 Mr. Hughes took out a patent for the Hughes Typo-
graph, which he claimed to be the first typewriting machine,
and which was designed primarily to enable the blind to com-
municate with the seeing.
(A Hughes Typograph was awarded a gold medal at the
Great Exhibition in Hyde Park in 1851 ; one of these machines
is in the Museum of the National Institute for the Blind/ and
another in the Science Section of the South Kensington
Museum, where it is the oldest English model the one older
machine is American. M. Foucault exhibited a writing
machine for the blind at the Paris Exhibition in 1855.
The earliest patent for a typewriter was granted to Henry
Mill in 1714 in England, and the first practical typewriters were
made in America in 1873.)
1851 CENSUS
The census figures for the year showed i blind person per 979
of the population in England and Wales, i per 960 in Scotland,
and i per 864 in Ireland.
EDINBURGH
The School for Blind Children, founded in 1835, was moved
to Gayfield Square, where it was known as The Edinburgh
School for Blind Children.
LIVERPOOL
Liverpool School moved to Hardman Street.
MANCHESTER
Handel's "Messiah" was performed by the choir of
shaw's Blind Asylum.
(2155)
THE HUGHES' TYPOGRAPH
(1850)
The oldest British Typewriter
(Invented for the use of the blind)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 27
BIRMINGHAM 1852
Birmingham Institution for the Blind moved to new pre-
mises in Carpenter Road, Edgbaston, built on a two-acre site
at a cost of 7,000.
BRAILLE, Louis
Death of Louis Braille, born 1809, in the village of Coupvray,
near Paris ; he lost his sight when three years of age. In 1819
he entered L'Institution Nationale des Jeunes Aveugles in
Paris, and was a brilliant pupil, and a good player on the piano-
forte and violoncello. The idea of a system of points based on
Charles Barbier's invention occurred to him about 1825, when
still a pupil at school. In 1829 a pamphlet was printed, setting
forth the use and practice of his system of embossing, but it
was not officially adopted until 1854. He became a professor
at the Institution where he had studied, and organist at the
Chapelle des Lazaristes.
EXETER
Exeter Institution for the Blind built an extension at a cost
of 370-
BIRMINGHAM 1853
Birmingham Institution for the Blind provided a blind
organist and blind choir for St. James's Church, Edgbaston.
(In 1915 the records show that forty of their pupils had
obtained posts as organists.)
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution for the Blind moved to larger
premises in Chaucer Street, built to accommodate forty
boarders.
ARMAGH, N. IRELAND 1854
The Macan Asylum for the Blind was founded by Mr.
Arthur Jacob Macan, whose father was blind.
(In 1904 there were sixteen blind men resident in the Asylum ;
in 1930 there were only seven.)
28 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1864 BRISTOL
Bristol Institution for the Blind printed some books in
raised Roman type.
LONDON
Miss Elizabeth Gilbert, the blind daughter of the Bishop of
Chichester, started a scheme for helping seven blind men to
make goods in their own homes.
1855 BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution for the Blind built a new basket
shop at a cost of 846, and started weaving and mat-making.
EXETER
Exeter Institution for the Blind carried out a further
extension. (The accommodation was then for twenty pupils.)
LONDON
A Home Teaching Society was started in London by Miss
Graham of Clapham. (The management was transferred to
the National Institute for the Blind in 1915, and later trans-
ferred to the County Associations.)
Howard's Charity for the Blind of St. Marylebone was
founded by a bequest of 1,000 by Charlotte Rebecca Howard.
The income is divided by the Rector of St. Marylebone, each
Christmas Eve, amongst the poor blind persons of the parish.
1856 BRISTOL
The Rev. Edward Kempe's Trust Fund was founded for
the benefit of unmarried women who had been pupils in the
School of Industry for the Blind, Bristol.
(In 1930, nine blind women received pensions, six of 3 155.
each, and three of 2 los. each.)
CARLISLE, CUMBERLAND
Carlisle and Cumberland Association for Promoting the
Reading of the Holy Scriptures amongst the Blind was founded
in Carlisle by Miss Graham of Edmund Castle. (The title was
changed later. See 1872.)
<55)
Louis BRAILLE
(1809-1852)
Inventor of the Braille System
WORK FOR THE BLIND 29
CORNWALL 1856
Cornwall Home Teaching Society, now the Cornwall County
Association for the Blind, was founded.
(In 1930 there were 794 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 17 home workers, and about 290 pastime workers, and
The Dowager Lady Robinson Fund provided pensions of 10
each to 34 of the blind.)
HUDDERSFIELD, YORKSHIRE
Huddersfield and District Blind Society was founded.
(In 1930 there were 157 blind persons on the register,
including 12 home workers.)
LIVERPOOL
The Catholic Blind Asylum moved to 59 Brunswick Road,
then on the outskirts of Liverpool. (There were twenty-one
inmates.)
LONDON
Ebury Street Classes for the Blind were started by the late
Capt. Alfred Chapman. (In 1907 weekly classes were still
being held ; apparently discontinued about 1910.)
Miss Gilbert's scheme developed and became the Association
for the General Welfare of the Blind, with small premises in
Bloomsbury.
(Later it became the Incorporated Association for the
General Welfare of the Blind, Tottenham Court Road, W.
In 1887 there were 67 workers and pupils, in 1915, 97, whilst in
1930 the total number benefited was about 200.)
BATH , 1857
The Blind School Home was founded for the support of
twelve blind women, previously educated at the Institution
for the Blind and Deaf and Dumb, Bath. (See 1897.)
BRISTOL
A Home Teaching Association was started at Bristol
(amalgamated with School and Workshop in 1907).
30 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1857 DUBLIN
The Association for the Relief of the Indigent Blind, and
Lending Library, Lower Sackville Street, was founded by Miss
Pettigrew.
(In 1930 the address was 22 South Frederick Street. The
Association had one home visitor, and gave weekly grants to
about nine or ten blind persons.)
EDINBURGH
Edinburgh and South-east of Scotland Society for Teaching
the Blind to Read at their Own Homes, Howe Street, Edin-
burgh, was founded.
This was the first Home Teaching Society in Scotland.
(In 1930 there were 1,059 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 5 home workers and 3 Braille copyists; 7,826 visits
were paid to the blind in Edinburgh, the Lothians, Peebles,
Roxburgh, Hawick, Selkirk, Galashiels, and Berwick. Ifhere
was a Free Library with 4,346 Braille and Moon books, the
Jamieson Pension Fund with an income of about 1,323 a
year, and the Jamieson Holiday Home in Kirkliston.)
LONDON
The London Association for the Blind (at first known as the
Surrey Association for the Blind) was founded at 90 Peckham
Road, S.E., for teaching and employing blind persons in mat-
making, basket-making, chair-caning, brush-making, etc.
(In 1887 it na d 31 blind workers, in 1915, 38, in 1922, 104, and
in 1930, 158 paid workers, 29 pupils, 16 in the "Ladder of
Hope," 7 pensioners, and 16 in its Home at High Salvington.)
1858 BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution for the Blind appointed a blind
home teacher to teach the Moon System of reading ; there were
then about 80 blind to visit.
(In 1930 there were 1,244 blind persons on the visiting list,
and 26,227 visits were paid by the 13 Home visitors.)
CHELTENHAM, GLOUCESTERSHIRE
The Cheltenham Home Teaching Society was founded; it
afterwards became the Cheltenham and Gloucestershire
WORK FOR THE BLIND 31
Society for the Blind, and later the Cheltenham Workshops for 1868
the Blind.
(In 1930 there were 610 blind persons on the register, 3
home teachers, and 22 blind men and 4 women in the
workshops, making baskets, brushes, and mats.)
DENMARK
An Institution for the Blind was started in Copenhagen,
Denmark, by Johann Moldenhawer (1829-1908), who devoted
most of his life to the service of the blind in his own and other
countries.
DUBLIN
St. Mary's Roman Catholic Asylum for Female Blind
was founded under the superintendence of Sisters of Charity.
(In 1904 there were 180 inmates from six to eighty years of
age ; in 1930 there were about 200 including a few young blind
boys.)
St. Vincent's Home, Cabra, Dublin, was founded.
(In 1930 there were 4 blind children in its elementary school.)
LEICESTER, LEICESTERSHIRE
Leicester Association for Promoting the General Welfare
of the Blind was established. Its name was later changed to
the Leicester, Leicestershire and Rutland Institution for the
Blind. It was the outcome of a suggestion by Mr. Herbert
Mackley (blind) to Mr. William Harris of Westcotes, Leicester,
who called a meeting to consider the proposal, with the result
that the Institution was started in a house in High Street.
When the Institution was founded Mr. Harris became Hon.
Secretary.
(In 1930 there were 338 blind persons on the Leicestershire
County Register, 360 on Leicester County Borough Register,
and 28 in the County of Rutland ; 220 of the total received
weekly monetary grants. There were 6 elementary and 30
technical pupils, 60 employed in the workshops, 24 home
workers, and 4 blind persons otherwise employed; 9 of the
above were residing in the Institution's Hostels and 4 women in
its Home.)
32 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1868 LONDON
The Society for Granting Annuities to the Poor Adult
Blind was founded by Edmund Charles Johnson and his
friend Viscount Cranborne. It commenced with an annual
gift of 6 each to 3 blind persons.
(In 1929 the annuitants numbered 216, and its income was
1,604, * ne Chairman and Treasurer of the Fund being Mr.
Stuart Johnson, son of the founder, who had died in 1895.)
1859 BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution for the Blind built a Master's house.
DUBLIN
St. Joseph's Asylum and School for Male Blind was founded
in Drumcondra, Dublin, controlled by Carmelite Brothers.
(In 1904 there were 93 inmates, mat-making and basket-
making being the industries carried on there. In 1930 there
were 83 blind persons on the register, 38 of whom were in the
workshops, 16 trainees, 17 in the elementary school, and 12 in
the Home; 25 of the blind men resided in the Institution's
Hostel.)
EXETER
The Exeter Institution purchased nine cottages and a yard.
Additional workrooms, sickroom, etc., were built at a cost of
750.
GLASGOW
The Mission to the Out-door Blind for Glasgow and the
West of Scotland, 201 Buchanan Street, was founded, covering
the area of Glasgow and the Counties of Ayr, Argyll, Bute,
Dumbarton, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Lanark, Renfrew, and
Wigtown.
The Glasgow Ladies' Auxiliary, Bath Street, takes a special
interest in visiting and helping the women and girls on the Roll
of the Mission.
(In 1907 there were 1,567 blind persons on its register; in
1930 the number was increased to 3,570, including 202 pen-
sioners. The Pension Fund income amounted to 1,206.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 33
LIVERPOOL 1869
The Catholic Blind Asylum purchased part of the premises
in Brunswick Road, which became the permanent Asylum;
the remainder was purchased in lots during succeeding years.
Home Teaching Society was founded by Miss Wainwright
for the area of Liverpool and Birkenhead.
(In 1930 the Liverpool Workshops and Home Teaching
Society for the Out-door Blind, and the Birkenhead Society for
the Blind, under one management, had 1,808 blind persons on
their register, in Liverpool, Birkenhead, Bootle, Wallasey, and
other parts of Lancashire and Cheshire, including 174 elemen-
tary and technical pupils, 183 employed in the workshops, and
21 home workers ; 15 women were in their Home and 7 in their
Hostel. The Cornwallis Street Blind Annuity Fund distri-
buted 500 amongst 21 annuitants.)
SHEFFIELD, YORKSHIRE
A class was formed, by Mr. Heath, for teaching the blind to
read by means of Moon type ; this developed and became the
Workshops for the Blind of Sheffield, and later the Royal
Sheffield Institution for the Blind.
(In 1930 the Royal Institution had 80 elementary pupils in
its School and 13 blind persons in its Home. The Work-
shops, managed by the Sheffield corporation, had 73 blind
workers, 36 trainees, and 4 home workers.)
CARMARTHENSHIRE, SOUTH WALES
1860
Carmarthenshire Blind Relief Society was founded by
Mrs. Naomi Morgan.
(In 1922 the Society was reconstructed ; in 1930 there were
350 blind persons on the register.)
DEVON PORT, DEVON
Devonport and Western Counties Association for the Blind
opened the Manor Lodge, Devonport, as a Home for the un-
employable blind.
(In 1930 in the Home at Torr, Plymouth, there were 31
blind men and 34 blind women.)
34 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1860 LONDON
The School for the Indigent Blind opened workshops for
adults at their premises in St. George's Circus, Southward.
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution for the Blind commenced brush-
making, in addition to the trades of basket-making and mat-
making hitherto carried on.
PLYMOUTH, DEVON
The Institution for the Instruction and Employment of the
Blind was founded in a portion of the old Plymouth Work-
house, with 15 pupils. Besides the usual school subjects, mat-
and basket-making were taught. Amongst those who helped
to start the Institution was Mr. James Gale, a blind man, who
was one of the most enthusiastic workers on its behalf. ,The
Institution soon grew, and the name was changed to the South
Devon and Cornwall Institution for the Instruction and
Employment of the Blind.
(In 1930 the South Devon and Cornwall Institution for the
Blind, North Hill, employed 37 blind persons in their work-
shops, had 30 trainees and 30 home workers, and 6 were other-
wise employed. Their Hostels accommodated 20 blind men
and 3 women.)
SHEFFIELD
The class started the previous year was extended to teach
mat- and basket-making, premises being secured in West
Street, and some ten or twelve men employed. A Sunday class
was also formed.
The workshop, shortly afterwards named the North of
England Manufactory for the Blind, was founded by Miss
Elizabeth Harrison, of Weston Hall, Sheffield.
1881 BRADFORD, YORKSHIRE
A Home Teaching Society was founded by Mrs. Ray, wife of
the Rev. Richard Ray, a Wesleyan minister, who got together
a small committee for the purpose. This developed into the
Royal Institution for the Blind, Bradford, later becoming one
of the best in the country. (In 1870, 42 blind were employed ;
in 1890, 76 ; in 1920, 128 ; in 1930 there were 700 blind persons
WORK FOR THE BLIND 35
on the register, of whom 150 were employed in the workshops, 1861
16 were trainees, and 20 were home workers. Hostel accom-
modation was provided for 16 women; and 15 men and 8
women were in the Institution's Homes. About 600 a year
was paid to 40 blind pensioners.)
CANTERBURY, KENT
A School for the Blind was founded. (In 1872 the school
had 6 pupils, but it apparently ceased to exist shortly
afterwards.)
CENSUS
The census figures for the year showed 19,352 blind persons
in England and Wales, being a ratio of one in every 1037 f
the population; 2820 blind persons in Scotland, being one in
every 1086 ; 6879 in Ireland, being one in every 843.
CHELTENHAM
The Cheltenham Home Teaching Society started a small
workshop in Grosvenor Street, with a blind instructor.
LIVERPOOL
Liverpool Workshops and Home Teaching Society opened
its first workshop in a large room under Hope Hall. (The
Society shortly after moved to 37 Bold Street.)
LONDON
The Braille system of reading and writing was introduced
into the London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
by Professor Hippoylyte Van Landagen of the Belgian
Institution.
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum added workshop accommodation
for brush-making ; this was soon discontinued, basket -making
and mat-making being continued as before. Outside blind
workers were now employed in addition to the inmates.
PEMBROKESHIRE, SOUTH WALES
Pembrokeshire Blind Relief Society, Haverfordwest, was
founded. (The Society was reconstructed in 1921. In 1930
there were 197 blind persons on the register.)
36 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1861 PLYMOUTH
Plymouth Institution moved to larger premises in Coburg
Street. The first resident inmate was received, and organ- and
piano-teaching commenced ; within four years, seven ex-pupils
had obtained posts as church organists in the neighbourhood.
1862 ACT OF PARLIAMENT
An Act of Parliament was passed enabling Boards of
Guardians to maintain and educate blind children in certified
schools.
BRADFORD
Bradford Home Teaching Society started a workshop in
Rawson Place, where six men and four women were taught
basket-making and knitting.
BRIGHTON
Brighton Blind Relief and Visiting Society was founded by
William Moon, LL.D. Object : to send a missionary to the
homes of the blind, to lend books and teach the blind to read,
and to help the needy.
(In 1930 the Brighton Society for the Welfare of the Blind
had 405 blind persons on its register.)
CHELTENHAM
The Cheltenham Home Teaching Society moved its work-
shop to Winchcombe Street.
EXETER
Exeter Institution acquired an additional two acres of
ground at a cost of 600.
YORK
Yorkshire School for the Blind extended its workshops and
started an ''Out -mates Department/*
1863 LONDON
The Alexandra Institution, 6 Queen Square, Bloomsbury,
was founded by Edward Moore. It provided an industrial
Home for the adult blind.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 37
(In 1875 there were 21 inmates and 10 outworkers. The 1863
Institution ceased to exist many years ago.)
The Protestant Blind Society was founded by the late
Thomas Pocock (Senior) ; the name of the Society was after-
wards changed to the Protestant Blind Pension Society of the
United Kingdom. In 1887 it became the Royal Blind Pension
Society.
(It is interesting to note that the work was carried on by the
founder's two sons, Alfred and Ebenezer Pocock, by his
grandsons, Thomas, George, and Percy, and by his great-
grandson, P. Laurence Pocock, the two latter being respec-
tively Chairman and Hon. Treasurer in 1930, in which year
1,091 pensioners were benefited and the income of the Society
amounted to 16,833.)
South London Association for Assisting the Blind was
started. (In 1887 classes were being held at Walworth Road,
Brixton Road, and Kennington Road, and there were 228
members; in 1930 classes were held in Walworth Road only,
and the members numbered 166.)
Sunday Afternoon Bible Classes were started. (In 1896
classes were held in Drury Lane and Cleveland Street, Euston
Road ; there were 90 members).
HULL, YORKSHIRE 1864
Hull Institution was founded as a Home Teaching Society
by Alderman C. R. Lambert, a blind resident ; there were 90
blind persons on the register, who were taught to read the
Bible and other books in Moon.
(This became the Hull and East Riding Institute for the
Blind, Beech Holme, Beverley Road. In 1930 there were
745 blind persons on the register, of whom 114 were employed
in the workshops, 43 were trainees, 3 were home workers, and
5 were otherwise employed; its Home and Hostel accom-
modated 14 of their blind women.)
LONDON
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
carried out considerable extensions to its building at Swiss
Cottage, including a concert hall, printing shop, and additional
dormitories.
4 (2155)
38 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1864 The Phoenix Home for Blind Women, St. John's Wood, was
started ; the name was changed later to the Cecilia Home for
Blind Women.
(In 1930 there were fourteen blind inmates at the Home,
in Abbey Road, N.W.)
Somers Town Blind Aid Society (afterwards known as the
Hepburn Starey Blind Aid Society) was founded by Mrs.
Hepburn Starey. Objects: to influence the blind for good,
provide pensions, medical advice, entertainments, excursions,
etc. (In 1903 it had 320 members, in 1922 it had 400 members,
and in 1927 about 395 were benefited.)
SOUTHSEA, HAMPSHIRE
Hampshire and Isle of Wight School for the Blind was
founded. (In 1930 there were 23 blind pupils in the school.)
1866 CARDIFF, SOUTH WALES
Cardiff Association for the Blind was founded by Miss Shand,
in a small private house in Severn Road, Canton, with three or
four pupils. It later became the Cardiff Institute for the Blind.
Miss Shand acted as Secretary for the first twelve years.
DUNDEE
Through the generosity of Mr. Francis Molison, Dundee
Institution was founded, and provided with a new school and
workshops at Dallfied House.
(In 1930 there were 172 blind persons being benefited, 60 in
the elementary school, 44 technical pupils, and 68 paid workers,
and a Hostel accommodated 12 of their blind women.)
KIRKCALDY, SCOTLAND
The Fife and Kinross Society for Teaching the Blind at
their own homes was established at Kirk Wynd, Kirkcaldy.
(In 1930 the Fife and Kinross Society for the Blind, I
Townsend Place, Kirkcaldy, had 332 blind persons on its
register, including 14 home workers.)
LONDON
Mr. Jonathan Williams left 1,000 to the School for the
Indigent Blind, Southwark, to provide annuities for six blind
persons.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 39
(In 1930 Jonathan Williams's Annuities, having been in- 1865
creased by small purchases, amounted to 1,406 in 2,\ per cent
annuities, the income of which was distributed by the Royal
School, Leatherhead, to six blind persons.)
NEWPORT, SOUTH WALES
The Newport and Monmouthshire Home Teaching Society
was founded.
(In 1930 the Newport and Monmouthshire Blind Aid
Society had 829 blind persons on its register, including 9
employed in its workshops, 3 home workers, and 4 blind
home teachers ; 3 blind women were in its Hostel.)
SWANSEA
Swansea Society for Teaching and Helping the Adult Blind
of Swansea and Neighbourhood was founded to teach the
Moon System ; there were then known to be about 70 blind
persons in the neighbourhood.
(In 1930 the Swansea and South Wales Institution for the
Blind employed 54 blind workers, 40 trainees, and 17 home
workers ; 12 were otherwise employed. Hostel accommodation
was provided for 14 of the men and 17 of the women.)
ALLOA, SCOTLAND
The Stirling, Clackmannan, and Linlithgow Society, Fenton
Street, was established. (In 1907 there were 104 blind persons
on the register, including 34 persons engaged in some form
of industry or trade, and there was a library of 1510 books ; in
1930 the Society for Teaching the Blind at their Homes in
the Counties of Stirling and Clackmannan, 25 Mill Street,
Alloa, had 229 blind persons on its register, including 7 home
workers.)
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution for the Blind started brush-making.
CHELTENHAM
The Cheltenham Home Teaching Society moved its work-
shop in Winchcombe Street to larger premises in the same
street, No. 51.
40 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1886 FRERE, JAMES
Death of James Hatley Frere (born 1779), of Cambridge
Terrace, London ; he held a commission in the Royal Artillery,
and afterwards became chief clerk in the Army Pay Office. He
was the author of several religious books, and invented a
system of teaching the blind to read by means of raised type.
HULL
Hull Institution started a workshop in one room in Nile
Street. (In 1870, eight blind men were employed, and sales
amounted to 193.)
LEEDS, YORKSHIRE
Mr. John Wilkinson of Hafrogate, himself blind, founded an
Institution for the Industrious and Indigent Blind at Leeds,
which afterwards became the Leeds Incorporated Institution
for the Blind, and the Deaf and Dumb. It was started with 6
blind workers in Basinghall Street, but within a short time was
moved to more suitable premises in Cookridge Street.
(In 1930 there were 940 blind persons on its register, in-
cluding 22 in the elementary school, 56 in the technical school,
85 employed in the workshops, 29 home workers and 3 other-
wise employed.)
LONDON
The Association for Establishing Workshops for the Blind
was founded.
(In 1875 about twelve blind persons were employed in its
workshops in Bishopsgate Avenue, Camomile Street, chiefly
occupied in making sacks and bags for coffee and rice. The
Association ceased to exist many years ago.)
The Association for the General Welfare of the Blind opened
a shop in Oxford Street. (Its workrooms were then in
Euston Road.)
The Watercress and Flower Girls' Christian Mission was
founded by John A. Groom. In 1907 the name was changed to
John Groom's Crippleage and Flower Girls' Mission. It pro-
vides a Home and industrial training for blind and crippled
children at Clerkenwell. (In 1929 there were 20 blind children.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 41
PERTH, SCOTLAND 1866
Society for Teaching the Blind to Read in the County and
City of Perth was founded in premises in Welshill Terrace,
Perth ; this Society afterwards moved to South Methven
Street.
(In 1930 there were 142 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 8 home workers.)
SWANSEA
Swansea Corporation gave the use of a room in the Assembly
Rooms to the Home Teaching Society, and seven men and boys
were employed at basket- and mat-making; they shortly
afterwards moved to 5 Caer Street.
WORCESTER, WORCESTERSHIRE
A College for the Blind Sons of Gentlemen was founded by
the late Rev. R. S. Blair. It was first housed in an old building
known as the Commandery, the ancient hospital of St. Wulf-
stan.
Although this Institution only lasted three years, it was
reconstituted in 1872, and afterwards became the Worcester
College for the Blind.
(In 1930 there were 47 blind pupils in the College, besides
two blind and two partially blind masters.)
YORK
The Yorkshire School for the Blind started brush-making as
an industry.
Mrs. Markham's Fund for the Blind was founded for aiding
former pupils of the Wilberforce (Yorkshire) School for the
Blind to establish themselves in positions of independent
industry. The capital invested was 800.
BOLTON, LANCASHIRE 1867
Workshops for the Blind were founded. (In 1887 there
were 30 workers, in 1927, 57 workers. In 1930 there were
521 blind persons on the register, including 97 employed in the
workshops, 6 home workers, and 14 living in the Institution's
Home.)
42 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1867 CARDIFF
Cardiff Institute moved to Byron Street, Roath, and
started basket-making, soon followed by mat-making.
EXETER
Exeter Institution erected a small organ.
LEICESTER
Leicester Institution founded a home-teaching branch.
LIVERPOOL
Liverpool Town Council gave a site of about a thousand
square yards in Cornwallis Street, for the erection of a workshop
for the blind, which was completed about three years later.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
Workshops for the Blind, Breamish Street, were founded.
(In 1930, 53 blind persons were employed.)
Home Teaching Society for the Blind in Newcastle, Gates-
head, and neighbourhood was founded. The first home
teacher was Mr. Wilkinson blind.
(In 1930 there were 707 blind persons on the register, includ-
ing 522 in Newcastle and 185 in Gateshead ; there were 24 home
workers and 2 blind home teachers.)
PRESTON, LANCASHIRE
Preston Industrial Institute for the Blind was founded as the
result of the efforts of Mr. John Catterall, who for three years
had been helping four blind men to be taught basket-making in
a small cottage.
Mr. Thomas Scholefield (blind) filled the post of Manager
with success, until his death in 1912.
(In 1930 there were 537 blind persons on the register, of
whom 46 were in the elementary school, 43 employed in the
workshops, 21 trainees, 12 home workers, and 2 otherwise
employed. Nineteen of these were accommodated in the
Institution's Hostel.)
STOCKPORT, CHESHIRE
Institute for the Blind, the Deaf, and the Dumb, St. Peters-
gate, Stockport, was founded.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 43
(In 1930 there were 198 blind persons on the register, of 1867
whom 22 were employed in their workshop and 4 were home
workers.)
ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1868
An Act of Parliament was passed enabling Boards of
Guardians to send blind children to uncertified as well as
certified schools.
BRADFORD
Bradford Institution built new premises at North Parade at
a cost of 6,434. Later in the year, during a period of extreme
financial anxiety, an anonymous gift of 2,000 was received.
(A portion of the above premises was sold in 1926, but a large
section of the original building is still devoted to social welfare
work amongst the "outside blind.")
CARDIFF
Cardiff Institution moved to Longcross Street.
INVERNESS, SCOTLAND
The Society for Teaching the Blind to Read in the Northern
Counties (afterwards known as The Northern Counties Insti-
tute for the Blind), was founded for the care of the blind in
Inverness and neighbourhood.
(In 1930 there were 586 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 12 in the elementary school, 12 employed in the work-
shops, 6 home workers, and 5 otherwise employed.)
LONDON
The British and Foreign Blind Association (now the
National Institute for the Blind) was founded by Thomas R.
Armitage, M.D., at his house, 33 Cambridge Square, W. At
that time there was no work of national importance under-
taken on behalf of the blind, and occasional relief was almost
all that they could hope for. The primary object of the
Association was the employment and education of the blind,
and the provision of embossed literature. The Braille system
was adopted, and the Association soon became the centre for
supplying printed books, maps, music, frames for the writing
of Braille, and other educational apparatus.
44 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1868 (In 1930 the National Institute for the Blind was carrying on
its chief work at 224, 226, and 228 Great Portland Street, W.i.
Its many branch activities are mentioned in different parts of
this book.)
PRINT, RAISED
William B. Wait, Superintendent of the New York In-
stitution, devised what became known as the New York Point
system of reading and writing, a variation of the Braille
system.
WORCESTER
The Society for Promoting Cheap Literature for the Blind
was founded by the Rev. W. Taylor. (This Society existed
in 1884, but apparently ceased to exist soon after.)
1869 BARNSLEY, YORKSHIRE
Barnsley and District Association for Visiting, Teaching,
and Training the Blind was founded. (In 1929 they had a
shop and a depot in Market Street ; 2 home teachers were
employed, and 194 blind were being visited in the area of its
County Borough and in the West Riding of Yorkshire, includ-
ing 6 blind persons employed in its workshop and 10 home
workers. In 1930 the Association was taken over by the Barns-
ley Corporation Blind Welfare Department. There were then
79 blind persons on the register of the Barnsley county borough
and 1,641 in the West Riding of Yorkshire.)
EXETER
Exeter Institution enlarged its workshops and kitchen.
FORFAR, SCOTLAND
Forfarshire Mission to the Blind (Angus and South Kin-
cardineshire), West High Street, Forfar, was established.
(In 1930 there were 215 blind persons on the register, of '
whom 121 were receiving financial help from the Mission, and
there were 5 home workers.)
GILBERT, Miss ELIZABETH
Miss Elizabeth Gilbert played a leading part in the drafting
of a memorial, pleading the cause of the blind child, for
WORK FOR THE BLIND 45
presentation to Mr. Gladstone's Government. When Mr. 1869
Forster's Education Bill became law the following year the
blind were not mentioned, but largely through Miss Gilbert's
action they were not debarred from the right to compulsory
education.
LONDON
A School and Home for Blind Children was started in
Goldsmith's Place, Kilburn, N.W. (Records show that in
1887 thirty children were being looked after; in 1896 this
Institution no longer existed.)
SHEFFIELD
Sheffield Institution built commodious workshops and a
retail shop in West Street, and bought some adjoining land
for future needs.
WAKEFIELD, YORKSHIRE
A meeting was called by the Rev. C. J. Camidge, Vicar of
Wakefield, to hear addresses by Dr. Moon, of Brighton, and
Sir Charles Dodsworth, Bart, (both blind), with the result that
a society was started and a Bible-woman was engaged to visit
the twenty or so blind people in the neighbourhood ; a library
of embossed books was provided. In due course the work
developed, blind children being sent for instruction to the
Schools at Leeds, Sheffield, and York.
(In 1930 the Wakefield and District Institution and Work-
shops for the Blind had 341 blind persons on the register,
including 9 employed in the workshops, 5 home workers, and
20 residing in the Institution's Homes.)
WORCESTER
Worcester College was converted into a Proprietary Insti-
tution, but languished for two years, and the Company was
then wound up. (See 1872.)
A Home Teaching Society for the Blind was founded.
HULL 1870
Hull Institution started a reading class for boys and a
knitting class for women ; the latter was discontinued in three
years' time owing to the difficulty of disposing of the articles.
46 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1870 LANARK, SCOTLAND
St. Vincent's Schools and Hostel were founded at Smyllum,
Lanark, but moved in 1911 to Tolcross, Glasgow. The Insti-
tution is for Roman Catholics.
(In 1930 there were forty blind children in the elementary
school, and twenty women in the Hostel, these going to work
daily at the Municipal Workshop, Possill Park, Glasgow.)
LONDON
Hampton's Mission for the Blind was started by James
Hampton, a painter, who carried on the work practically
single-handed till 1898, when a Committee was formed.
Objects: to organize the work of charity among the blind
poor of London by obtaining employment, and giving grants,
pensions, and many other forms of assistance.
(Became the South London Institute in 1907.)
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
Newcastle Asylum built additional dormitories at a cost of
456.
ROCHDALE, LANCASHIRE
The Rochdale and District Society for Visiting and Instruct-
ing the Blind was started in May, in the Chapel of the Desti-
tute, Whitehall Street, chiefly through the efforts of John
Ashworth, the well-known Lancashire author of Strange Tales.
The first Sunday in May is still observed, more than fifty
years afterwards, by a special service for the blind at the same
chapel.
(In 1929 there were 189 blind persons on the register,
including 14 home workers.)
1871 BELFAST, IRELAND
In 1870 Thomas Cathcarte, a labourer, on whom were
dependent a wife and eight children, lost his sight during
blasting operations in a quarry. Miss Mary Hodson, daughter
of the Rev. J. Hodson, was unsuccessful in her efforts to secure
him training and employment. She interested some influential
residents in the question of care of the blind, with the result
that in 1871 the Association for the Employment of the
Industrious Blind was founded at 6 Howard Street.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 47
(In 1930 there were 128 blind persons employed in the 1871
workshops, and 21 home workers.)
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution erected a new workshop for chair-
caning.
CARDIFF
Cardiff Association for the Blind became the Cardiff Work-
shops for the Blind.
(In 1930 there were 398 blind persons on the register, 95
of whom were employed in the workshops.)
CENSUS
The census figures for the year showed 21,590 blind persons
(or i per 1,052) in England and Wales, 3,021 blind persons (or
i per 1,112) in Scotland, and 6,347 blind persons (or i per 852)
in Ireland.
CONFERENCE
The first of the Biennial Blind Conferences ot the American
Association of Instructors of the Blind, was held at Indiana-
polis, America.
DIRECTORY
A Guide to Institutions and Charities for the Blind was pub-
lished by M. Turner and W. Harris, in which they stated
(a) That Moon type was being used by thirty-eight Insti-
tutions, Lucas type by seven, Roman type by four, Alston type
by four, Frere type by three, and Braille type by four.
(b) That in all Institutions the same general difficulties
appeared to exist, the principal being the difficulty of selling
the goods manufactured at such prices as would procure a
ready sale, and cover, the cost of production; consequently, in
most instances there was a large surplus stock. In cases
where the stock was wholly disposed of, observation led them
to believe that sales had been secured by selling at a loss.
LIVERPOOL
The Catholic Blind Asylum was taken charge of by the
Sisters of Charity. Sister Mary Maxwell, a cousin of the then
Duke of Norfolk, was appointed Superior, and under her
48 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1871 devoted supervision the Institution flourished until, in 1908,
the inmates exceeded 200. She retired in 1922.
Music
The British and Foreign Blind Association published the
first explanatory pamphlet on Braille Music Notation.
PRINT, RAISED
Braille books were printed for the first time from stereo-
typed plates, by the British and Foreign Blind Association.
1872 CARLISLE
Workshops for the Blind of Cumberland and Westmorland
were established in West Tower Street.
(In 1930 the Cumberland and Westmorland Home and Work-
shops for the Blind, 22 and 24 Lonsdale Street, had 333 blind
persons on their register, including 19 employed in the work-
shops and 10 home workers : of the former 6 were accommo-
dated in their Hostel.)
Note. In spite of the title there was no Home in existence.
COCKERMOUTH, CUMBERLAND
Hudson's Charity was founded by a bequest from Isabella
Hudson, giving a pension of about 3 6s. 8d. to three persons
resident in Cockermouth.
EDINBURGH
The Asylum for the Industrious Blind, having previously
amalgamated with the Home for the Female Blind, H.M. Queen
Victoria gave permission for the Institution to be known as
the Royal Blind Asylum.
MITFORD, NORTHUMBERLAND
The Northern Counties Blind Society was founded at
Mitford. (See North Shields, 1924.)
NORWOOD, SURREY
The Royal Normal College and Academy of Music for the
Blind was founded by the late Francis J. Campbell (afterwards
Sir Francis), with the assistance of Dr. Armitage and others.
It was the first Institution of its kind in England.
'"
<
= if
WORK FOR THE BLIND 49
(In 1930 there were 130 resident pupils, 90 of whom were 1872
receiving training as shorthand typists, pianoforte tuners,
organists, music teachers, school teachers, or preparing for
matriculation. It can justly be proud of the many successes
of its past pupils in music, literature, and law.)
WORCESTER
Worcester College was reconstituted as a private school
under the principalship of the late Rev. S. S. Forster.
YORK
Yorkshire School for the Blind founded a free scholarship to
commemorate the talents and services of the Rev. W. Taylor,
F.R.S., the first superintendent of the school (1836 to 1845).
CONGRESS 1873
The first Congress of Teachers of the Blind was held in
Vienna.
DONCASTER, YORKSHIRE
Doncaster and District Home Teaching Association for the
Blind is believed to have been founded about 1873.
(In 1930 there were 130 blind being visited within a radius
of about eight miles from Doncaster.)
INVERNESS
The Northern Counties Institute extended the area of its
work to include the care of the blind in Ross, Sutherland, and
Caithness, and started a Home and Workshop in High Street,
Inverness, for the education of blind children and the industrial
training and employment of adults.
SHEFFIELD
Sheffield Institution took over the Sheffield Home Mission
and Sabbath School.
SWANSEA
The Swansea Society acquired I and 2, South Hill Place (now
known as Northampton Place) for 2,000, for an enlarged
school and workshop, and took a showroom in Goat Street.
(In 1878 there were 22 pupils, and 17 "out-mates" under
instruction in the workshop.)
50 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1873 YORK
Yorkshire School for the Blind built an additional wing.
1874 BRADFORD
Bradford Institution erected additional buildings.
BRISTOL
A Home for Blind Women, presented by Miss Caroline Bush,
was established in Aberdeen Road. (Moved in 1905.)
CHARITY ORGANISATION SOCIETY
The Charity Organisation Society appointed a committee to
consider what could be done to improve the condition of the
blind. After thirty-nine sittings, they pressed for the appoint-
ment of a Royal Commission to secure the many reforms that
they considered necessary in order to provide better education
and more employment for the blind. (At this date there, were
only 150 workshop employees in London, and 800 in the
United Kingdom. In 1930 there were about 750 blind em-
ployed in the London workshops and 3,000 in England and
Wales.)
IPSWICH, SUFFOLK
Ipswich and Suffolk Institution was founded. (Changed, in
1920, to the Ipswich Society for the Blind. In 1930 there
were 127 blind persons on the register, 13 of whom received
pensions.)
LIVERPOOL
A Home for Blind Children was established at Miller Street,
Toxteth Park. (This was the first Home for blind babies of
two years old or so ; it was closed in 1912.)
LONDON
The East London Home and School for Blind Children,
Northumberland House, Warwick Road, Upper Clapton, E.,
was founded.
(In 1887 there were 19 inmates ; in 1922, 38 ; and in 1930,
55-)
School for the Indigent Blind, Southwark, set apart the base-
ment of about half the school for use as a workshop by ex-pupils.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 51
NOTTINGHAM 1874
The Midland Institution for the Blind began teaching
Braille to its pupils.
PRESTON
Preston Institute opened new premises in Glover's Street,
which enabled the work to be greatly expanded.
SWANSEA
The Swansea Society for Teaching and Training the Adult
Blind changed its name to the Swansea and South Wales
Institution for the Blind.
WOLVERHAMPTON, STAFFORDSHIRE
The Wolverhampton, Dudley and Districts Institution for
the Blind, Waterloo Road, was founded.
(In 1930 there were 499 blind persons on its register, in-
cluding 39 employed in the workshops, 19 home workers, and
5 otherwise employed.)
ACCRINGTON, LANCASHIRE 1875
Accrington and District Society for the Blind ws founded
by Richard Bond and James Towson. On the occasion of a
blind boy, Thomas Fielding, aged 13, being sent away to be
trained, a tea-party of thirty-two blind persons in the district
was organized to give him a ' 'send-off" ; this tea-party became
an annual event each January, and led to other services for
the welfare of the local blind. (Three of the original company
were present at the Jubilee Tea-party in 1925.)
Soon after the foundation of the Society Mr. John Ingham
(blind) was appointed first visitor; he carried out his duties
"ably and conscientiously" for thirty-two years. (See 1907.)
CHESTER, CHESHIRE
Chester Society for the Home Teaching of the Blind was
founded.
(In 1930 there were 800 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 53 home workers and 20 pastime workers, and over
10,000 visits were paid to the blind in Chester, Cheshire,
Denbighshire, and Flintshire.)
52 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1875 LONDON
Blind Female Annuity Society was founded by Mrs. Jameson.
Annuities were granted to eight blind women. (This Society
was taken over by the Royal Blind Pension Society in 1894.)
MACCLESFIELD, CHESHIRE
Macclesfield Society for the Home Teaching of the Blind
was founded.
(In 1930 there were 136 blind persons on the register,
including 8 home workers and 7 otherwise employed, in
Macclesfield, Congleton, and neighbourhood.)
OXFORD
Elizabeth Woodington, by her will dated 1875, left about
271, the income of which was to provide a pension for one
blind person of Oxford.
(In 1930 the Oxford Municipal Charities, Haynes' and
Woodington's, gave five pensions of 23 8s. each. See 1806.)
YORK
Death of Mr. Joseph Munby, who had been the Hon.
Secretary to the Yorkshire School for the Blind since its
foundation in 1833, and was largely responsible for its founda-
tion and support. His son, Mr. F. J. Munby, was appointed
his successor.
1876 COLCHESTER, ESSEX
Colchester Home Teaching Society for the Blind was
founded for teaching the blind in their own homes. (In 1930
there were 148 blind persons on the register, and the Society's
activities covered 56 towns and villages.)
CONGRESS
A Congress of Teachers of the Blind was held in Dresden,
Germany.
DUBLIN
The Richmond Institution received a legacy of 26,000, left
by the Rev. E. Pepper, and shortly afterwards carried out
considerable extensions.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 53
EDINBURGH 1876
The Royal Blind Asylum took over the Blind School, which
had existed separately, and opened a splendid Institution at
West Craigmillar the Royal Blind Asylum and School.
The women from the Home were also taken over.
LEEDS
The Leeds Blind Institution amalgamated with the York-
shire Association for the Adult Deaf and Dumb.
LEICESTER
Leicester Institution opened a Cottage Home for four
elderly blind women.
LONDON
The Association for the Promotion of the General Welfare of
the Blind moved to Berners Street, W.
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum carried out further extensions.
NORWOOD
The Royal Normal College opened a large new building, with
concert hall, schoolrooms, etc.
(The property in 1930 consisted of sixteen-and-a-half acres
of ground, and also included a gymnasium, skating rink,
swimming-bath, and rowing lake, a building for pianoforte
tuning containing 40 pianos, besides 46 pianos and 5 organs
for practising.)
LEEDS 1877
The Institution for the Blind and the Deaf and Dumb
moved to new premises in Albion Street, costing over 10,000,
and providing accommodation for basket-making, brush-
making, and chair-caning, besides a retail shop and a school for
children. The blind workers numbered twenty-six.
LONDON
Workshop for the Blind of Kent was started at Greenwich
by Major-General P. J. Bainbrigge, R.E., for the purpose
5 (JI55)
54 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1877 of employing blind men of Kent. (In 1887 it had 15 blind
workers; in 1911, 20; and in 1930, 41.)
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
carried out further extensions at a cost of 4,300 ; also intro-
duced into their School Braille musical notation, and Taylor's
arithmetic by movable types.
OXFORD
Oxford Society for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 188 blind persons on the register of the
county and 121 on the register of the county borough.) ,
PLYMOUTH
Plymouth Institution moved to larger premises on a free-
hold site on North Hill, containing 22,000 square feet of
ground.
SlJNDERLAND, DURHAM
A workshop for the blind was opened at Villiers Street,
Sunderland.
(In 1930 the Sunderland and Durham County Incorporated
Royal Institution for the Blind, 23 and 24 Villiers Street, had
1,399 blind persons on the register, including 16 in the
elementary school, 52 employed in the workshops, 17 trainees,
ii home workers, and 2 otherwise employed.)
1878 ACT OF PARLIAMENT
The Customs and Inland Revenue Act, 1878 (Section 21)
exempted a blind person from the necessity of taking out a
dog licence for a dog used as a guide.
BRIGHTON
Brighton Blind Missionary Fund was founded by Dr. W.
Tindal Robertson (blind), M.P., of 9 Belgrave Terrace,
Brighton. 1 (Amalgamated 1909 with the Brighton Blind
Relief Society.)
1 He became Sir Tindal Robertson; he and Henry Fawcett, LL.D.,
M.P., the well-known blind Postmaster-General, were both Members
of Parliament for Brighton at the same time.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 55
COVENTRY, WARWICKSHIRE 1878
Coventry Society for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 140 blind persons on the register.)
JAPAN
The first School for Blind and Dumb in Japan was opened in
Kyoto, followed soon after by one at Tokyo ; for many years
previously massage, acupuncture, and music had been set aside
as occupations followed almost exclusively by blind persons
in Japan.
OLDHAM, LANCASHIRE
Home Teaching Sopiety was founded at Oldham (Incorpor-
ated 1920).
(In 1929 there were 308 blind persons on the register; in
1930 the Society ceased to exist, and the work was taken over
by the Oldham Municipal Council.)
PLYMOUTH
Plymouth Institution built an additional workshop.
PRINT, RAISED
Joel W. Smith, of Perkins Institution, Mass., U.S.A., devised
a second American point system of writing, modelled more
closely after the original Braille. This system, with certain
modifications, about fourteen years later became known as
American Braille. It was a close competitor of New York
Point, which seemed likely to become the accepted system of
the Continent.
ABERDEEN * 1879
Aberdeen Town and County Association for Teaching the
Blind at their homes was founded.
(In 1930 there were 748 blind persons on the register:
Aberdeen burgh 243, Aberdeen county 166, Banffshire 90,
Kincardineshire 12, Orkney 85, and Shetland 152. There
were 21 home workers and 2 other blind employees. The
office and library were at 112 Crown Street.)
56 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1879 ACT OF PARLIAMENT
An Act of Parliament was passed enabling Boards of
Guardians to subscribe towards the support of Institutions
and Associations for the Blind.
BELFAST
The Belfast Blind Association opened an additional shop in
Castle Street.
CARLISLE
The Carlisle and Cumberland Association for the Blind built
workshops in Lonsdale Road at a cost of 3,715. The work-
shops were founded, and the greater part of the money raised,
by Miss Harriet D. Johnson, the Hon. Secretary for thirty-one
years, who died in 1903.
CHINA
The Rev. William Hill-Murray, an agent of the National
Bible Society, started a school for the blind in Peking. (See
The Braille Review, March, 1916.)
One of the most difficult works that the Rev. Hill-Murray
successfully undertook was the adaptation of Braille to the
Chinese language, which consists of over 4,000 complicated
characters. Dr. Morrison, the first missionary to China, had
already noted that there were 420 distinct sounds in Mandarin-
Chinese, the language of four-fifths of the whole Empire. Mr.
Murray for his purpose found it possible to reduce the number
to four hundred and eight sounds, each of which was repre-
sented by one or more Braille numerals. (Four examples may
be given : the numeral i stands for A, 2 for ang, 12 for chang,
108 for hsiang.)
CONGRESSES
A Congress of Teachers of the Blind was held at Berlin.
A Universal Congress for the Amelioration of the Blind and
of Deaf Mutes was held at Paris.
DUNDEE
Dundee Mission to the Out-door Blind, Castle Street, was
established.
IKNKY G \RDXKR
>1 G.mlwi's JTnisl h-r tin- Blind
HKNKY JOSIAIJ \YIIS<N
KLIZABKTH M. M. GILBERT
(1826-1885)
Founder of the Association for the General Welfare
of the Blind
(215?)
HENRY MARTYN TAYLOR, M.A., F.R.S.
(1842-1927)
Founder of the Embossed Scientific Book Fund
WORK FOR THE BLIND 57
(In 1930 there were 563 blind persons on the register, 1879
including 6 home workers, and the address of the Mission was
Caird Rest, 172 Nethergate, Dundee. There was a lending
library with Braille and Moon books.)
GLASGOW
Glasgow Asylum for the Blind started on an extensive re-
building scheme.
LONDON
Henry Gardner, of i West bourne Terrace, W., died, and
left 300,000, free of legacy duty, for the formation of a trust
for the benefit of blind persons residing in England and Wales.
Gardner's Trust for the Blind, 53 Victoria Street, S.W., was
thus created. A scheme of administration was drawn up and
approved by the Court of Chancery in 1882, indicating that the
income should be distributed as follows : two-ninths in instruct-
ing the blind in music ; two-ninths in instructing the blind in
trades, handicrafts, professions; two-ninths for pensions;
three-ninths at the discretion of the committee.
Benefited in 1930: pensioners 247; by scholarships 84;
other individuals no; institutions 31. Henry Gardner also
left 10,000 each to three blind institutions in London.
SHEFFIELD
The Sheffield School for Blind Children, built at a cost of
15,000, was opened in Manchester Road, Sheffield. Mr.
Daniel Holy gave an endowment of 26,000.
AUSTRALIA 1880
An Industrial Blind Institution was founded at Sydney.
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution for the Blind discarded Lucas's
system of reading, and substituted that of Braille.
LEEDS
The Leeds Blind Visiting Society amalgamated with the
Leeds Institution for the Blind and the Deaf and Dumb.
58 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1880 LONDON
The Kensington Institute for the Blind was started by Mrs.
Arthur Cohen, from a nucleus of work that had been carried on
for four years.
(Thirty-three persons were employed in 1930, the Institute
then being known as the West London Workshops for the
Blind.)
North London Home for Aged Christian Blind Men and
Women was founded by Rev. Henry Bright and his wife ; the
former was blind from birth. They continued in charge of the
home till their deaths in 1919 and 1918 respectively. (In
1887 there were 37 inmates, in 1896, 93 inmates, and in 1930,
107 inmates at Hanley Road, Crouch Hill, N.4, and 28 at the
branch Home at Southend.)
The School for the Indigent Blind opened a junior branch
school at Linden Lodge, Wandsworth Common. (Taken* over
in 1902 by the London County Council.)
1881 AUSTRALIA
Mr. Alfred Hirst (blind), of Huddersfield, and later of
Whit by, an enthusiastic Braillist, introduced Braille into
Australia.
BLACKBURN, LANCASHIRE
The Blackburn and Darwen Society for the Blind was
established as a small visiting society and for the religious
instruction of the blind. (In 1930 there were 399 blind persons
on the register, and 2 home teachers were employed.)
CENSUS
The census figures for the year showed 22,831 blind persons
(or i per 1,137) m England and Wales.
FRANCE
Maurice de la Sizeranne (blind) devised an abbreviated sys-
tem of orthography for the blind, which has since been
generally employed in France, Switzerland, Belgium, and
Canada, and has served as a basis for a similar method used
in Germany, Italy, and France.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 59
INVERNESS 1881
The Northern Counties Institute purchased and adapted
the old High School to provide increased space for school and
workshop, and soon after they erected a shop and warehouse
in Castle Street.
LEEDS
Death of John Wilkinson (aged 81) President and Founder
of the Leeds Institution ; though himself blind, he was largely
responsible for the development and success of the Institution
for the first few years of its existence.
LONDON
Charles Randell left 450 to the School for the Indigent
Blind, Southwark, to provide annuities.
(In 1930 the Charles Randell Annuity Fund, administered
by the Royal School, Leatherhead, provided annuities to
three blind persons.)
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum introduced the Braille system into
the school, one of the many improvements introduced by
James McCormick (Governor 1876-1892).
PERIODICALS
Progress, a magazine in Braille type, the first monthly
publication of its kind, was published by the British and
Foreign Blind Association. (It is still produced by the National
Institute for the Blind.)
SHEFFIELD
Sheffield Institution for the Blind rebuilt the premises in
West Street at a cost* of 3,650, and bought further land.
SOUTH AFRICA
The Deaf and Blind Institute, Worcester, was founded by
the Rev. W. Murray, under the auspices of the Dutch Reformed
Church.
(In 1930 there were 120 blind pupils, the older ones being
taught the usual trades, There were three hostels provided
60 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1881 for the pupils. The Institute had a Braille printing press,
but also imported books from England.)
AMERICA
Home teaching was successfully introduced in Philadelphia
by Dr. William Moon.
BANGOR, CARNARVONSHIRE
The North Wales Home Teaching Society for the Blind was
founded. (In 1929 it looked after the blind of Anglesey,
Carnarvonshire, Montgomeryshire, Merionethshire, and parts
of Flintshire and Denbighshire.)
BURNLEY, LANCASHIRE
The Burnley and District Society for the Blind was founded
for visiting and helping the blind in their own homes.
(In 1929 there were 275 blind persons on the register.)
CONGRESS
A Congress of Teachers of the Blind was held at Frankfort,
Germany.
DUMFRIES, SCOTLAND
<
Dumfries and Galloway Society, Rae Street, was established,
mainly for home teaching. (In 1907 there were 106 blind per-
sons on the roll, and 800 books in the Library. In 1930 it
existed, but no figures were available.)
LEICESTER
Leicester Institution moved to larger premises in Granby
Street.
LONDON
Miss Blott (blind) started a school for children of the upper
classes at Barnes. (In 1907 there were 'five pupils; in 1911,
four ; it apparently ceased to exist soon after.)
A Lending Library for adult blind readers was founded in
Fairfax Road, Hampstead, by Miss Arnold (blind), and Miss
Howden.
This Library was so successful that in later years it became
the nucleus of the National Library for the Blind, Great Smith
Street, Westminster.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 61
NORWOOD 1882
The Royal Normal College for the Blind opened the first
Kindergarten for blind pupils,
WOLVERHAMPTON
A Workshop for the Blind was opened by the Wolver-
hampton, Dudley, and Districts Institution.
ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE, LANCASHIRE 1883
Ashton-under-Lyne, Stalybridge, Dukinfield and District
Home Teaching Society for the Blind was established.
(In 1930 there were 280 blind persons on the register.)
BELFAST
Belfast Blind Association built new workshops and show-
room, etc., in Royal Avenue, at a cost of about 6,000.
CARDIFF
Cardiff Workshops for the Blind changed its name to the
Cardiff Institute for the Blind, and built additional workrooms,
sales-rooms, and library.
CONFERENCE
An International Conference was held at York, the first of
its kind in the United Kingdom. (For Agenda see "Appendix
III," page 191.)
FRANCE
Maurice de la Sizeranne founded the Valentin Haiiy, a
journal treating with questions relative to the blind systems
of education, methods of teaching, schools, works, etc., also
the Louis Braille, a monthly journal printed in relief, in point
print, after the Braille system.
NORWOOD
The Royal Normal College was provided with a swimming-
bath by the late Dr. T. R. Armitage.
NOTTINGHAM.
The Midland Institution for the Blind built a gymnasium.
62 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1888 OLDHAM
Workshops for the Blind, New Radcliffe Street, Oldham,
were founded.
(In 1930 there were 18 blind men employed, making brushes,
baskets, and mats, in addition to the 15 blind women employed
in the women's branch started in 1904.)
YORK
Yorkshire School for the Blind started an "Out-pupils"
Department for teaching a handicraft to such as had lost their
sight over the age of sixteen.
1884 AUSTRALIA
The Royal Institution for the Blind, North Adelaide, South
Australia, was founded; Mr. Andrew Hendry was appointed
manager.
BELFAST
Belfast Blind Association started a Home Teaching Society
and a Library.
BRADFORD
The Mayor, Alderman F. Priestman, J.P., was elected
Chairman of the Bradford Institution, a position which he
held with much success for thirty-seven years.
CENTRAL BUYING AND SELLING
Mr. Richardson-Gardner, in conjunction with Gardner's
Trust, drew up a "Central Aid" scheme for selling goods made
by the Institutions and buying materials centrally. The
scheme was, however, rejected by a large majority of the
Institutions.
DURHAM, Co. DURHAM
The Northern Counties Blind Society moved from Mitford
to Durham.
HULL
Hull Institution was rebuilt at a cost of 800 ; cork fender
making and chair-caning were started, and employment was
found there for the first time for three blind women.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 63
ROYAL COMMISSION 1884
A conference was called by the Duke of Westminster at
Grosvenor House, London, for the purpose of discussing the
condition and needs of the blind; this resulted in a Royal
Commission being set up the following year. (See 1889.)
SWANSEA
The Swansea Institution, which had hitherto used the Moon
system, adopted Braille.
BRADFORD 1886
Bradford School Board established a class for blind children
at Carlton Street School.
CONFERENCE
An International Conference of Teachers and Friends of the
Blind was held at Amsterdam, Holland.
DUNDEE
Through the generosity of Mrs. Molison, widow of the
founder, Dundee Institution was provided with a splendid new
building at Magdalen Green at a cost of over 10,000.
EDINBURGH
Edinburgh Asylum and School for the Blind adopted the
Braille system to the exclusion of all others.
Mrs. Jane Stobie Clark Pension Fund was established; it
gives small annuities to thirty blind women.
HULL
Hull Institution ripened a retail shop, but owing to the
expense involved it was closed in a few years 1 time.
LONDON
Death of Miss Elizabeth M. M. Gilbert (born 1826), daughter
of Ashurst Turner Gilbert, afterwards Bishop of Chichester.
She became blind when three years old, as the result of scarlet
fever. For her work see 1854 an d 1856.
64 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1888 APPARATUS
Toothed wheel pencil and compasses for making raised
diagrams were invented by Mr. Guy M. Campbell of the Royal
Normal College.
BELFAST
The Belfast Society for Home Mission Work among the blind
was founded by Mrs. R. B. Pirn.
(In 1930, in addition to its home missionary work, the
Society had a Home at Cliftonville with thirty-six blind in-
mates and a Hostel with 15.)
CARDIFF
Shand Memorial Fund was founded by Miss Shand, the
Foundress of the Cardiff Institution, for workers at the
Institution.
(In 1930 there were seven annuitants, each receiving 5.)
LEICESTER
Miss Sarah Barlow's Charity for blind women was founded.
Miss Barlow left a bequest of 3,500 Consols and the sum
provides grants for ten blind women.
LONDON
Kensington Institute for the Blind moved to Ball Street,
Kensington.
NOTTINGHAM
The Nottingham Corporation added embossed books for the
blind to the public Free Library (believed to be the first
municipality to do so) .
PERIODICALS
Dawn, a magazine in Moon type, was published quarterly by
Mr. H. von Niederhausern, Secretary of the Northern Counties
Association for the Blind, North Shields, who died in 1926 after
fifty-five years of devoted service to the blind.
(In 1930 the circulation of Dawn in Great Britain, Canada,
the United States, etc., amounted to about 200 copies a
quarter, and the embossing was still carried out by blind labour
at North Shields, under the editorship of Miss Hunter.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 65
YORK 1886
Yorkshire School for the Blind purchased the freehold of its
property and built additional workshops and schoolrooms.
CORK 1887
St. Raphael's Home for the Industrious Female Blind, was
established, under the care of Catholic Sisters.
(In 1915 it had fifty-six inmates. In 1919 it was closed
owing to lack of funds, and most of the inmates were moved to
St. Mary's Institution, Merrion, Dublin.)
DIRECTORY
The First Edition of Information with Regard to Institutions,
Societies, and Classes for the Blind in England and Wales was
published by Henry J. Wilson, Secretary of Gardner's Trust
for the Blind.
EXETER
The West of England Institution began teaching pianoforte
tuning.
HALIFAX, YORKSHIRE
Halifax Society for the Home Teaching and Assistance of
the Blind, afterwards known as the Halifax Society for the
Blind, was founded.
(In 1930 there were 363 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 30 employed in the workshops, 14 trainees, i home
worker, and 8 in the Institution's Home ; 4 were residing in
its Hostel.)
INVERNESS
The Northern Counties Institute moved its Home, school,
and workshops to 38 Ardconnel Street, built at a cost of 1,650.
LEICESTER
The Wycliffe Cottage Home and Hostel was founded for
the blind of Leicester. (In 1921 there were thirty-four
inmates.)
66 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1887 LONDON
By permission of H.M. Queen Victoria, the name of the
Blind Pension Society of the United Kingdom was changed to
the Royal Blind Pension Society.
The Fawcett Memorial Scholarship, of which the Cloth-
workers' Company are the Trustees, was founded.
It provides one scholarship (50 per annum) for four years,
tenable by a blind student of either sex, between 17 and 23
years of age, at any University in the United Kingdom.
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum, Old Trafford, as a result of a
munificent bequest by Mr. J. Pendlebury, carried out a large
extension known as the Pendlebury Extension, consisting of
dormitories and workshops. (Inmates numbered 100.)
NORWOOD
Royal Normal College introduced roller-skating and cycling,
and started a course of training for blind typists.
1888 CLERK, BLIND
W. H. Illingworth, Headmaster of the Edinburgh School for
the Blind, introduced the use of the Edison Bell phonograph
for recording, and trained the first correspondence clerk.
(The phonograph used was similar to the modern dictaphone.)
HOLLINS, ALFRED
Mr. AlfredHollins (blind), Mus.Doc., F.R.C.O., was appointed
Professor of Pianoforte and Organ at Norwood. Born at Hull
in 1865, he was educated at York and Norwood, and at the
age of nineteen was appointed organist of St. John's Church,
Redhill. (An account of his brilliant career appears in The
Beacon, August, 1924, with a portrait as he appeared seated
at one of the largest organs in the world, built to his specifica-
tion, and erected in the Town Hall, Johannesburg.)
INDIA
Shirreff Braille was invented by Mrs. Shirreff, wife of Rev.
F. A. P. Shirreff, M.A., Fellow of the Punjab University. By
Q
O
O
t
g-8
& H
p !
W~ M
O ^
3 a
,9 S
WORK FOR THE BLIND 67
a small alteration to ordinary Braille the Hindustani, Hindi, 1888
and Telegu languages could be suitably embossed for the
education of the blind of India.
LONDON
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
built workshops for providing technical training and employ-
ment.
Music
An International Congress was held at Cologne with the
object of the standardization of Braille music notation.
England, France, Denmark, and Germany came to an agree-
ment.
LONDON 1889
Thomas William Wing bequeathed 70,000, 2j per cent
annuities to the Clothworkers' Company for the provision of
pensions.
NEW ZEALAND
The first effort was made to ameliorate the condition of
the blind in New Zealand. Mr. J. W. Tighe (blind) was
appointed teacher for the new Association, called "The
Friends of the Blind/'
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution for the Blind, having purchased
adjoining property, erected additional workshops on the
Chaucer Street frontage.
PERIODICALS
Santa Lucia, a monthly magazine in the Braille type,
edited by the Misses Hodgkin, was first published.
ROYAL COMMISSION
The Royal Commission on the Blind, Deaf and Dumb, etc.,
after sitting Tor four years, issued its Report.
(See Appendix II, page 187.)
68 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1889 SOUTHAMPTON, HAMPSHIRE
Southampton Association for the Blind was founded, for the
general assistance of the blind in the county borough of
Southampton. (Reconstituted 1921 and 1930.)
(In 1930 there were 228 blind persons on the register.)
WORCESTER
The Rev. S. S. Forster secured a small endowment for
Worcester College ; a Trust Deed was drawn up on the lines of
those of other public schools and a body of trustees and
governors appointed. The College was moved three miles
outside the city to Powyke. Worcester College practically
owes its existence and success to the work of Mr. Forster
during the last nineteen years of his life. He died in 1891.
1890 ACT OF PARLIAMENT
The Education of Blind and Deaf Mute Children (Scotland)
Act, 1890, made it compulsory for School Boards to make
provision either in schools of their own, or in approved volun-
tary schools, for the elementary education and industrial
training of blind children up to the age of sixteen years,
where the parent was unable to pay, and, where necessary, for
the boarding of the children during such education and training.
ARMITAGE, DR. T. R.
Death of Thomas Rhodes Armitage, M.D., M.R.C.P. Born
in 1824, he lost his sight at the age of thirty-six. He was the
founder of the British and Foreign Blind Association (now the
National Institute for the Blind) and was connected with
several other institutions for the blind. There are few, if
any, men who have left behind them a greater record of
service to the blind, especially in the cause of education.
(See Braille Review, May, 1915.)
BACUP, LANCASHIRE
The Rossendale Society for Visiting and Instructing the
Blind was established in Bacup.
(In 1930 there were 75 blind persons on its register, including
8 home workers.)
F
THOMAS RHODES ARMITAGE, M.D.
(1824-1890)
Founder of the British and Foreign Blind Association, now the National Institute for the Blind
(2155)
68
WORK FOR THE BLIND 69
CONFERENCE 1890
A Conference for the Blind and their friends was held at
Norwood. (For Agenda see Appendix III, page 191.)
LONDON
The Association for the General Welfare of the Blind moved
to its existing premises at 258 Tottenham Court Road.
NORWICH
Norwich Blind Asylum was rebuilt at a cost of 5,320.
ST. LEONARDS-ON-SEA, SUSSEX
Miss Hood opened a seaside Convalescent and Holiday Home
for the Blind, at St. Peter's Road. It was a private enterprise
of Miss Hood's, and never became registered under the Blind
Persons Act.
(In 1907 there were 12 inmates; in 1922, 20; in 1930 the
Home still existed.)
ARGENTINE 1891
Blind welfare work was started in the Argentine by a blind
man, Francisco Gatti. He afterwards opened a private school
for the blind at Flores.
BELFAST
The Belfast Association again extended its workshops and
started bamboo furniture-making as an industry for the blind.
CENSUS
The census figures for the year showed I blind person per
1,235 m England and Wales.
CONFERENCE
A Conference of Teachers of the Blind was held at Kiel, in
Germany.
EDINBURGH
The Royal Blind Asylum started its first Braille printing
press at the instigation of its headmaster, W. H. Illingworth.
6 (2155)
70 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1891 LIVERPOOL
Liverpool Children's Home was moved to Devonshire Road,
Sefton Park.
LONDON
The Blind Tea Agency, Ltd., 37 Pratt Street, N.W.i, was
started by Mr. C. E. Dustow (blind) in order to find employ-
ment for blind persons, selling tea, etc., on commission.
(In 1930 Mr. J. F. Mulley (blind) was managing the business,
and several hundreds of blind and partially blind men and
women were acting as agents. This is not a charitable insti-
tution, but a commercial undertaking.)
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
discontinued the embossing of Lucas type.
The Workshops for the Blind of Kent moved to larger
premises in London Road, Greenwich, with accommodation
for thirty-two workers. Mattress-making was added to the
trades taught.
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum opened workshops for the blind at
the corner of Deansgate and Wood Street ; the building cost
about 9,000, and provided splendid new workshops for the
workers, who were formerly in Bloom Street.
PERIODICALS
Playtime, a Braille monthly magazine for children, was
published by the British and Foreign Blind Association.
PLYMOUTH
Plymouth Blind Institution added another wing to the
main building.
1892 APPARATUS
The Hall Braille Writer was devised by F. H. Hall, Super-
intendent of the Illinois Institution for the Blind, Jackson-
ville, U.S.A.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 7*
LONDON 1892
Deptford and District Society for the Welfare of the Blind
was founded. It was afterwards absorbed as a branch of the
Indigent Blind Visiting Society.
The London School Board started special classes for blind,
deaf and dumb, and imbecile children. This was largely
brought about by the persistent energy of the late Major-
General F. J. Moberly, R.E.
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum, Old Trafford, having received a
bequest of nearly 14,000 from Mr. James Nasmyth, built the
Nasmyth extensions, consisting of a large concert hall to seat
500 persons, and kitchens. Inmates 180.
PERIODICALS
The Weekly Summary, the first weekly newspaper for the
blind printed in Braille, was published by Miss E. R. Scott and
Miss L. T. Bloxam.
READING, BERKSHIRE
The Reading Blind Aid Society was founded by Mr. Hugh
Walford, and carried on by him and Miss Burnett until her
death in 1925.
(An account of Mr. Hugh Walford's career appeared in The
Beacon, July, 1925.)
ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1893
Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act passed.
This was one of the most important Acts passed for the benefit
of the blind, and brought about the compulsory education of
blind children from the age of five to sixteen.
All schools for the blind are certified under Section 2 of this
Act. The Act defined the word " blind," as "too blind to read
the ordinary school books used by children/'
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution for the Blind completed a big
extension at a cost of 12,500, thus increasing the accommoda-
tion for resident pupils from 65 to 106.
72 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1893 BRADFORD
Bradford Institution for the Blind carried out further
extensions.
BRIGHTON
The Barclay Home and School for Blind and Partially Blind
Girls was founded by the late Gertrude Campion (the Hon.
Mrs. Campion) in Brighton. The primary object was to give
industrial training. (In 1896 there were 15 inmates; in 1903,
39 inmates; in 1907, 74 inmates; 1911, 94 inmates; 1930, 112
inmates, including 6 non-resident pupils and 21 non-resident
workers.)
HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, HERTFORDSHIRE
Miss Godwin's Charity was started for giving pensions to
blind persons in Hemel Hempstead. Five blind persons
receive 10 each annually.
ISLE OF WIGHT
The Isle of Wight Society for the Benefit of the Indigent
Blind and, Alleviation of Diseases of the Eye likely to lead to
Blindness was founded. Objects: home teaching and general
assistance and relief.
(In 1930 there were 123 blind persons on the register.)
LEICESTER
The Wycliffe Society was founded for the general assistance
of the blind in the town and county of Leicester.
NATIONAL LEAGUE OF THE BLIND
The National League of the Blind of Great Britain and
Ireland was established. It conducted vigorous campaign for
State aid, and freely criticized the voluntary institutions.
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution for the Blind, in celebration of its
Jubilee, set aside 3,000 to start an "Old Pupils' Scheme," for
the assistance of ex-pupils in starting in a new career and
carrying on business.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 73
PERIODICALS 1898
Hora Jucunda, a Braille monthly magazine, was published
by the Edinburgh School for the Blind.
BRIGHTON 1894
Death of William Moon, LL.D. (born 1818), founder of the
Moon Society and Brighton Blind Relief Society, and inventor
of the Moon type. He was a great benefactor to the blind.
Moon type is extensively used in the blind world by the aged,
or those whose fingers are not sensitive enough to feel Braille,
CONFERENCE
A Conference was held at Birmingham. Discussions took
place on the Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children)
Act, 1893.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Gyde Charity, Stroud, was founded, to assist in the payment
of school fees for blind, and deaf and dumb children. (Endow-
ments 1,800.)
LONDON '
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
built an additional workroom for senior girls, and began print-
ing in Braille.
The Royal Blind Pension Society took over the Blind
Female Annuity Society.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
The Royal Victoria Blind Asylum, Newcastle, moved to
Benwell Dene, a beautiful house, with grounds of six acres, in
the west of Newcastle; overlooking the river Tyne ; the total
cost, including alterations and extensions, was over 11,000.
The name of the Institution was changed to the Royal Victoria
School for the Blind.
NORTH SHIELDS, DURHAM
The Northern Counties Blind Society moved from Durham
to Howard Street, North Shields.
74 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1894 NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution began to teach piano-tuning to
some of the blind pupils.
YORK
The Yorkshire School for the Blind added a gymnasium and
cloisters, and opened an Industrial Home for Blind Women at
Scarborough.
1895 CARDIFF
Cardiff Institute, hitherto for men only, decided to assist
blind women also ; a home teacher was engaged, a workroom
set aside, and a start made with six girls.
CONGRESS
The Eighth General Congress of Teachers of the Blind was
held in Munich, Bavaria.
LIVERPOOL
Liverpool Children's Home was enlarged by the purchase of
the neighbouring house.
LONDON
The sum of 1,000 was left to the School for the Indigent
Blind, Southwark, by Edmund C. Johnson (its late Chairman),
for the provision of annuities.
(In 1930 the Edmund Charles Johnson's annuities, adminis-
tered by the Royal School for the Blind, Leatherhead, pro-
vided annuities for five blind persons.)
Kensington Institute for the Blind moved to 60 High Street,
Netting Hill, W.
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum started giving instruction in
massage ; its pupils were the first in this country to follow
this profession.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
Newcastle School added another schoolroom in a temporary
iron building.
WILLIAM MOON, LL.D.
(1818-1894)
Inventor of the Moon System
74
WORK FOR THE BLIND 75
NORWOOD 1895
The Royal Normal College started a Training College De-
partment for training blind people to become teachers.
(By 1930 the College had supplied teachers to Blind Institu-
tions throughout the United Kingdom, as well as to Australia,
Canada, Burma, Ceylon, and South Africa.)
PERIODICALS
The Craigmillar Harp, a Braille musical magazine published
monthly, was started by the headmaster of the Edinburgh
School for the Blind.
Gospel Light in Heathen Darkness was published in Braille
type by Miss Lamb, Clapham Vicarage, Lancaster.
The King's Messenger (for children), was published in Braille
type by Miss Lamb.
Recreation (for adults) published monthly in Braille by the
British and Foreign Blind Association.
PRESTON
Preston Institution opened buildings on the Cottage Home
principle at Fulwood, at a cost of about 8,000. ,
WHITBY, YORKSHIRE
A Workshop for Blind Men was started by Mr. Alfred Hirst
(blind) at 2 Brunswick Street.
(In 1930 there were 13 blind persons on the register,
including 3 employed in the workshop and 3 home workers.
The address of the Institution was then Bagdale Mount,
Whitby.)
CHELTENHAM . 1896
The Cheltenham Home Teaching Society changed its name
to the Cheltenham and Gloucestershire Society for the Blind.
JERUSALEM
A Day School for the Blind was opened by Miss Ford, an
American missionary; it afterwards became a Home for the
Blind.
76 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1896 LIVERPOOL
Liverpool Workshops were overcrowded, and an additional
house in Cornwallis Street was purchased.
NORTHAMPTON, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
Northampton and County Association for the General
Welfare of the Blind was formed.
NORWOOD
The Board of Education recognized a department of the
Royal Normal College, opened the previous year, as a training
college for blind teachers of the blind, under the name of the
Smith Training College.
PERIODICALS
The Church Messenger, published monthly in Braille, was
started by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
It contains sermons and extracts from religious papers.
ROCHDALE
The Rochdale and District Society for Visiting and In-
structing the Blind was reconstructed. Up till this date its
work had been chiefly of a religious nature, with a certain
amount of relief work and instruction in Moon type, but in
1896 a committee was formed and a home teacher appointed,
with a view to giving the blind fuller instruction. The first
home teacher, Miss Renshaw, was replaced within a short time
by Mr. A. Siddall (blind), who up till 1930 had completed over
thirty years* work there as home teacher, and was then Chair-
man of the Northern Branch of the College of Teachers
of the Blind, and Vice-Chairman of the Northern Counties
Association.
SOUTHEND-ON-SEA, ESSEX
Miss Gallagher started the Middleton Holiday Home for the
Blind. (See "Maldon," 1921.)
TAUNTON, SOMERSET
The Taunton Home Teaching Society for the Blind was
founded. (In 1930 it had 67 blind persons on the register.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 77
BATH, SOMERSET 1897
Bath Blind School Home was closed, and the Trust Fund,
amounting to 7,127, was handed over to the Royal Blind
Pension Society, London.
EDINBURGH
The Royal Blind Asylum extended its workshops in Nicolson
Street, and gave up those in Abbey Hill.
HANLEY, STAFFORDSHIRE
The Stoke-on-Trent and North Staffordshire Institution for
the Blind was founded in Victoria Road, Shelton, Hanley, by
a combination of School Boards.
(In 1930 the Stoke-on-Trent and North Staffordshire Com-
mittee for the Care of the Blind, Victoria Buildings, Victoria
Square, had 624 blind persons on their register, including 97
employed in the workshops, 30 home workers, and n other-
wise employed.)
SUNDERLAND
Sunderland and Durham County Institution for the Blind
was granted the title " Royal " by H.M. Queen Victoria.
SWANSEA
Swansea Institution added schoolrooms, etc., enabling
thirty-two pupils to be accommodated.
TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT
A Workshop for the Blind was founded at 75 Calverley Road.
(In 1930, 10 blind men were employed, and 6 of these lived
in the Institution's Hostel.)
BIRMINGHAM 1898
A Typewriting Office was opened in connection with the
Institution at Edgbaston. Later in the year it was transferred
to the centre of Birmingham; book-keeping and Braille-
shorthand were also taught there.
BRADFORD
Bradford School Board built a special day school for the
blind.
78 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1898 CARDIFF
Cardiff Institute for the Blind lost its manager, Mr. Hallet,
who resigned after thirty-three years, and was succeeded by
Mr. D. A. R. Jeffrey from Dundee Institute.
A Guild of Social Work among the Blind was founded, for
visiting and relieving the blind in sickness.
CONGRESS
The Ninth General Congress of Teachers of the Blind was
held in Berlin.
EDINBURGH
Edinburgh Club was started for reading aloud to its blind
members.
EGYPT
The first Egyptian school for the blind was opened at
Alexandria, under the auspices of the Ministering Children's
League.
(In 1930 the school was still doing useful work.)
HULL
Hull Institute carried out considerable extensions, including
the provision of new workshops, separating the men from the
women, additional warehouse accommodation, and a Home for
women.
LIVERPOOL
Liverpool School acquired Wavertree Hall and about three-
and-a-half acres of land, and erected new buildings for a school
to hold seventy-five children, at a cost of about 30,000, of
which 10,000 was given by Miss Hornby; the old school
building in Hardman Street was thus reserved for the use
of adults only.
LONDON
Gardner's Trust started a lending library in Braille for
Universitv students.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 79
MIDDLESBROUGH, YORKSHIRE 1898
Yorkshire Institution opened a workshop for the blind at
Linthorpe Road, Middlesbrough, afterwards known as the
Cleveland and South Durham Institute for the Blind.
(In 1930 there were 897 blind persons on the register of the
Institution: 206 in the county borough of Middlesbrough;
220 in its Yorkshire area, and 471 in its Durham area. Of
these there were 47 employed in workshops, 25 trainees, 6
home workers, and 6 otherwise employed.)
NORTHAMPTON
A Workshop was opened by the Northampton and County
Association for the General Welfare of the Blind.
(In 1930 there were twenty-six blind persons employed in
the workshops in addition to 10 home workers.)
NORWOOD
The Royal Normal College started a course for professional
shorthand writers.
PERIODICALS
The Blind Advocate, a monthly paper, was published by the
National League of the Blind for broadcasting its views on
matters appertaining to the welfare of the blind.
The Blind, a quarterly magazine in ink-print, giving in-
formation regarding progress of work on behalf of the blind,
was started by Mr. Henry J. Wilson, Secretary of Gardner's
Trust.
PLYMOUTH
Plymouth Institution opened an additional wing at a cost
of 2,500, for the education of blind children.
PRESTON
Preston Institution extended its workshops.
SHEFFIELD
Sheffield Institution opened Cottage Homes for nine blind
persons in Selbourne Road, Crosspool ; this was made possible
by a legacy from Mrs. Overend, after whom the cottages were
named.
8o CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1898 SOUTHEND-ON-SEA
The North London Homes for the Blind opened a branch at
Wilson Road, Southend-on-Sea.
(In 1927 there were twenty inmates ; in 1929 the Home was
removed to Westcliff-on-Sea.)
1899 ACT OF PARLIAMENT
The Elementary Education (Defective Children) Act
defines Defective Children, viz.: "Children not being imbecile
and not merely dull or backward, who, by reason of mental or
physical defects, are incapable of receiving proper benefit
from the instruction in the ordinary public elementary school,
but are not incapable by reason of such defect of receiving
benefits in special classes or schools." This only affects the
blind in so far as they are mentally or physically defective.
ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Farming was started by the Adelaide Institution, for the
partially blind.
BlRKENHEAD, CHESHIRE
Birkenhetid Society for the Blind was founded, although at
the time only sixteen blind persons were known in the district ;
yet four years later there were 156 blind persons on the books.
(The Society was amalgamated with the Liverpool Workshops,
Cornwallis Street, in 1909.)
BRIGHTON
Hand-loom weaving was started as an industry at the
Barclay Home for Blind Girls.
GLA C GOW
H.M. Queen Victoria conferred the title of " Royal " on the
Glasgow Asylum.
HULL
Hull Institute opened the Rockliffe Home for Blind Women
named after W. C. Rockliffe, M.A., M.D., an ophthalmic
surgeon, and Hon. Secretary and Treasurer of the Institute
for thirty-four years. (He died in 1930, aged 81.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 81
LONDON 1899
The Armitage Memorial Fund, of which the Clothworkers'
Company are the Trustees, was founded, in memory of the late
Dr. Thomas Rhodes Armitage. Pursuant to the terms of the
Trust, the annual income of 122 is paid to the National
Institute for the Blind for the purpose of cheapening or
extending the publication of books, music, etc., in the Braille
type.
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
built a new printing room.
The School for the Indigent Blind, Southwark, having
abandoned a scheme for moving the school to Caterham Valley,
the money raised for this purpose (803) was invested and
became the County Asylum Fund.
(In 1930 the Royal School for the Blind, Leatherhead, which
administered the Fund, distributed the interest to five blind
annuitants.)
The Young Women's Christian Association started a branch
for befriending blind women.
(In 1930 this branch no longer existed.)
NORTHAMPTON
George Phillips' Trust was founded, in connection with the
local Association. Grants not exceeding 55. weekly are made to
the blind in Northampton.
(In 1930 there were 10 pensioners who received about 60
between them.)
Northampton Association for the Blind opened a retail shop
in St. Giles' Street.
NORTH SHIELDS
Northern Counties Blind Society acquired adjoining pre-
mises (4 and 5 Howard Street) for extension.
PERIODICALS
Channels of Blessing, a free religious monthly magazine in
Braille, was started by Mr. Edwin Norris (blind and deaf).
82 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1890 SHORTHAND
The Braille shorthand system was formulated by a com-
mittee of five officials of the Birmingham Institution for the
Blind, under the Chairmanship of the superintendent, Mr.
Henry Stainsby, who with the assistance of Mr. Alfred Wayne,
designed the Braille shorthand typewriter, on which a speed of
120 to 160 words a minute can be attained. (See 1911.)
SWANSEA
Swansea Institution built two wings, providing accommoda-
tion for twenty additional beds, making fifty in all, at a cost
of 615. They also rented a house as a Home for twenty blind
workers.
WOLVERHAMPTON
Wolverhampton Institution opened new workshops.
1900 AMERICA
The first day centre for blind children, in the United States ,
was opened in Chicago.
BRIGHTON c
The Barclay Home and School for Blind Girls was moved to
larger premises, 23 and 25 Wellington Road.
CONGRESS
An International Congress for the Amelioration of the
Condition of the Blind was held in Paris.
HUDDERSFIELD
A Workshop for the Blind was started by blind men.
(This workshop has since been closed.)
INDIA
An American Mission School for Blind Children was opened
in Bombay.
LONDON
The Guild of Blind Gardeners was founded by Mrs.
Adolphus Buncombe (blind) with the object of teaching
A SPECIAL DRAUGHTBOARD WITH SPECIAL DRAUGHTS
APPARATUS AND APPLIANCES FOR THE BLIND
A REVERSIBLK TABLKT WITH PINS FOR
TEACHING BRAILLE
A PIANOFORTE
TUNER'S BORISG
TOOL
WORK FOR THE BLIND 83
gardening to the blind, not to enable them to earn their 1900
living, but as a healthy and lucrative pastime. In 1925 it
became affiliated to the National Institute for the Blind ; in
1928 the name of the Society was altered to Guild for Promot-
ing Gardening amongst the Blind and Partially Blind (Myopes),
but a reversion was later made to the original title.
The London Institute of Massage by the Blind was founded
at 64 Lancaster Gate by Mr. Henry Power, F.R.C.S. (Chair-
man), Mr. John Tennant (Treasurer), and Mrs. MacNicol (Hon.
Secretary) .
MANCHESTER
The Manchester and Salford Blind Aid Society, 30 Tonman
Street, Deansgate, Manchester, was founded by Miss Isabel
M. Heywood, of Pendleton, and a small Home opened at the
Crescent, Salford.
(In 1930 there were 1,390 blind persons on its register
1,160 in Manchester and 230 in other parts of Lancashire;
of these, 82 were in its Homes, of which there were four at
Pendleton and a Holiday Home at Southport. Of the
above blind 8 were employed, 5 as collectors and 3 as home
teachers.) *
Music
A Revised Key to Braille Music Notation was published by
The British and Foreign Blind Association. It was compiled
by Miss Isabel C. Western (now Mrs. S. A. Gray), whose life-
long Braille musical research is invaluable.
NORTH SHIELDS
The Northern Counties Blind Society opened new workshops.
(In 1930 the Tynemouth Blind Welfare Society, Howard
Street, North Shields, 'had 14 blind persons employed in its
workshops and 4 trainees.)
SHEFFIELD
A Pension Fund was founded by the Blind Institution for
residents of Sheffield.
(In 1930 there were 90 blind persons receiving regular
pensions or allowances.)
84 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1900 YORK
Death of Anthony Buckle. The following is a copy of the
brass memorial plate in York Minster
"In loving memory of Anthony Buckle, B.A., for thirty
years Superintendent of the Wilberforce School for the Blind
in this town. A graceful poet, an accomplished artist, a devout
Christian, a sincere philanthropist, especially of those com-
mitted to his charge, for he was truly eyes to the blind ; this
tablet is erected by those who appreciate his work, and cherish
his memory. June, A.D. 1900."
1901 BELFAST
Belfast Blind Association carried out extensions to its
workshops at a cost of over 2,000. (no blind persons were
then employed.)
BIRMINGHAM
Miss Edith Wood, a Gardner scholar at the Birmingham
Blind Institution, obtained a situation as shorthand-typist
with the Remington Typewriter Company. She was the first
blind person to secure such a post.
BOARD OP EDUCATION
Dr. Alfred Eichholz, M.A., M.D. (later C.B.E.), was appointed
by the Board of Education H.M. Chief Inspector of Schools
for the Blind. (This was the first appointment of an officer
solely for this purpose.)
CENSUS
The census figures for the year showed 25,317 blind persons
(or i per 1,285) in England and Wales, 3,253 blind persons in
Scotland, and 4,253 blind persons in Ireland.
CONGRESSES
An International Congress was held at Breslau, Germany.
The Fourth Italian Congress for the Benefit of the Blind was
held at Milan, Italy.
EGYPT
An Institution for Blind Boys was founded at Zeitoun by
Mrs. Armitage, widow of Dr. Thomas Rhodes Armitage.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 85
INDIA 1901
A Deaf and Dumb and Blind School was opened at Mysore.
A music class for the blind was started at Madras.
LIVERPOOL
The Catholic Blind Asylum opened a new branch school for
sixty-five children (St. Vincent's School) at West Derby, near
Liverpool, on a site of about twenty-five acres of land, and at a
cost of about 15,000.
MANCHESTER
Manchester and Salford Blind Aid Society acquired rooms in
the old Eye Hospital.
Music
A Braille Music Lending Library was formed by Miss Isabel
C. Western of Shortlands, Kent. (It was closed in 1904, and
the books were purchased by the National Lending Library.)
The first Tutor on the subject of Braille Music Notation in
any language was compiled by Mr. Edward Watson, formerly
Director of Music at the Liverpool School for the ^lind, and
published in Braille by the British and Foreign Blind Associa-
tion, and in letterpress by Messrs. Novello & Co. (No. 59 in the
Music Primer Series). This Tutor, in its 1927 edition, is still
the official school manual for the blind of the Empire.
NORWICH
Norwich Asylum closed its elementary school, but continued
a school for those above sixteen years of age, and an asylum
for the aged.
NORWOOD
The Royal Normal College started entering its pupils for
the examinations of the Royal Academy of Music and the Royal
College of Organists.
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution discontinued elementary education,
and discharged all pupils under the age of sixteen. It also
started hand-loom weaving as an industry for girls.
7 (2155)
86 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1901 PORTSMOUTH
By the will of Mr. George J. Scale, the Portsmouth Municipal
Charities received 20,000, for granting annuities to nineteen
blind persons.
SWANSEA
Swansea Institution built an additional workshop.
WAKEFIELD
The Wakefkld and District Institution and Workshops for
the Blind, which had developed from the small Society
started in 1869, opened a workshop at 158 Westgate.
YORK
The Yorkshire School for the Blind added an additional
wing comprising a sanatorium, isolation block, and residence
for the superintendent.
Mr. A. B. Norwood, M.A., was appointed Principal of the
School.
1902 ACT OF PARLIAMENT
The Seccmdary Education Act, 1902, was of great importance
to the blind as well as to the seeing. It briefly states that :
The local Education Authority shall consider the educational
needs of its area, and take such steps as seem desirable, after
consultation with the Board of Education, to supply, or aid
the supply of, education other than elementary.
Vocational training for the blind as a Government and rate-
aided activity was an important outcome of this Act.
AMERICA
A Library and Reading Room for the Blind was started at
San Francisco.
AUSTRALIA
The Australian Government granted free postage for
embossed literature for the blind.
BRADFORD
Bradford Institution carried out further extensions.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 87
CHESS 1902
A Braille Chess Club was started by Mr. Francis H. Merrick
at Shepperton, Middlesex.
CONFERENCE
A conference was convened by the Committee of Gardner's
Trust, and resulted in two committees being appointed, one
on Uniform Braille and the other on Defective blind children.
(For Agenda, see Appendix III, page 192.)
CONGRESS
An International Congress for the Amelioration of the Con-
dition of the Blind was held at Brussels under the patronage of
H.M. the King of the Belgians, and H.R.H. Duke Charles
Theodore of Bavaria, the eminent oculist.
HANLEY
Stoke-on-Trent and North Staffordshire Institution for the
Blind opened workshops.
LLANDEVAUD, S. WALES
The Newport and Monmouthshire Blind Aid Society started
a Home at Llandevaud.
(This Home was closed about seventeen years later.)
LONDON
The Blind Tuners' Federation was started.
(In 1930 this no longer existed.)
The British and Foreign Blind Association moved from
Cambridge Square to 206 Great Portland Street. The same
year it started an Employment Bureau.
The Claremont Central Mission, Pentonville, was started by
the late W. H. Brown of Woodford Green ; it works in conjunc-
tion with the London Congregational Union. A certain num-
ber of blind persons are taught basket-making and needlework,
and the blind and others are brought together for a weekly
meeting.
(In 1930 the Mission was still continuing its good work.)
88 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1902 LONDON
"Eyes to the Blind Society'' was founded in Chelsea by the
late Miss Laura Douglas-Hamilton. Blind women were
employed in machine and hand-knitting. (Taken over by the
Barclay Workshops in 1922.)
The London County Council opened two schools for the
blind, one for boys, at Linden Lodge, Wandsworth Common,
accommodating forty resident and ten day pupils, the other at
Elm Court, West Norwood, for girls, accommodating fifty
resident and ten day pupils.
The School for the Indigent Blind was moved from South-
wark to Leatherhead, into a building designed to take 250
pupils, and one of the finest of such buildings in the country.
The workshops were removed to Waterloo Road, S.E.I, and
became the Blind Employment Factory, with accommodation
for about 100 workers.
MANCHESTER
Manchester and Salford Blind Aid Society started a brush
department, which it handed over to Henshaw's Institution
twenty years later.
PRINTING* 1
The British and Foreign Blind Association started stereo-
typing its Braille plates at 206 Great Portland Street ;
hitherto this had been done in the workers' respective homes
and sent to Cambridge Square when finished. This was the
first important step towards getting a properly equipped
Braille printing works.
Hand presses were still in use, and it took about a week to
emboss twelve volumes of twelve copies each. The staff then
numbered about fifteen, but was doubled in the next three
years.
SUNBEAM MISSION
Miss Beatrice Taylor, of Upper Norwood, started a blind
branch of the Sunbeam Mission.
(The Sunbeam Mission was founded in 1891 "to draw out
the sympathy of the upper and middle class children to the
poor, paralysed, and suffering children in our large towns."
In 1906 there were in the blind branch 350 voluntary Braille
The Main Front
ROYAL SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND, LEATHERHEAD
(2155)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 89
writers, who undertook to write one letter a month each to a 1902
blind child.) (See 1920.)
SWANSEA
Swansea Institution started machine-knitting as an industry
for their girls, with a view to their being home workers. It
also started a home workers' scheme for men.
(In 1930 there were seventeen home workers on the
register.)
TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP
Death of Archbishop Temple, a keen worker in the interests
of the blind. He was a member of the Royal Commission,
1886-9, and of the Committee of Gardner's Trust, 1885-93.
WORCESTER
Worcester College moved to beautiful new premises standing
in four acres of grounds, and one-and-three-quarter miles
south-east of the city; it has accommodation for twenty
students. The cost of 10,000 was chiefly met by Miss
Warrington, who gave 8,000 in addition to the site.
APPARATUS " 1903
Henry Stainsby and Alfred Wayne invented a small portable
Braille writer, designed for writing on both sides of the paper,
and universally known as the Stainsby- Wayne Braille Writer.
For the use of deaf-blind persons, a device can be added
whereby, in place of the bell, the end of the line is indicated
by a wire falling on the hands of the writer.
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution started machine-knitting, shampoo-
ing, and boot- and shoe-making as industries for the blind.
BOYLE, G. R.
Death of Mr. G. R. Boyle (aged 59), private secretary to
Dr. Armitage, and later to Mrs. Armitage. He was in their
service for over forty years, and was constantly at work on
inventions for the benefit of the blind, especially in the pre-
paration of relief maps for sale at a low price ; he also recom-
mended the publication, in Braille, by the British and Foreign
90 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1903 Blind Association of Mr. Edward Watson's Braille Music
Notation Primer. (See "Music, 1901.")
(His son, Arthur, who died in 1930, continued his father's
work for many years. (See The New Beacon, Nov., 1930.)
BRADFORD
Bradford Institution technical training was entirely re-
organized, and a new classroom was built.
COLNE, LANCASHIRE
The Colne Blind Prevention and Aid Society was founded.
EXETER
Exeter Institution started a Home Teaching Society and
erected a gymnasium.
LONDON
Kensington Institute for the Blind changed its name to
West London Workshops for the Blind.
MECHANIC BLIND
Extract from The Blind: "William Parry, a resident of
Blaenavon, Mon., blind from childhood, has had a useful life
of 71 years. As a screw turner in the ironworks he has been
regularly employed up till two years ago, and has been able
to maintain himself respectably. He taught in the Sunday
School for sixty years, and for thirty years was a member of
the church choir."
MIDDLESBROUGH
The Workshops founded by the York Institution at Middles-
brough were taken over by a local committee.
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution acquired a new shop at Long Row
West.
PAISLEY, SCOTLAND
Paisley and District Workshop was established.
EMBOSSED OFAGKAM OK A HAJ,I.O<$N
PREPARING THE ORIGINALS FOR EMBOSSED PICTURES
WORK FOR THE BLIND 91
PERIODICALS 1903
The Braille Review, a monthly paper in ink-print, was started
by the British and Foreign Blind Association. (Discontinued
in December, 1916 The Beacon followed on in January, 1917.)
The Hampstead Magazine, in Braille, was started by the
London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind.
POULTRY-REARING
Captain F. Pierson Webber (blind) advocated poultry rear-
ing as a profitable industry for the blind ; a few years later he
recommended it more as a healthy occupation with a chance
of profit. In 1907 he obtained a certificate from University
College, Reading, as having passed the most comprehensive
course of practical and scientific instruction in poultry culture.
RHYL, FLINTSHIRE
The North Wales School for Blind Children, Russell Road,
Rhyl, was founded.
(In 1930 there were fourteen blind children in the School.)
ST. LEONARDS-ON-SEA
*
Miss Alice Meiklejon started a school for defective blind
children. (In 1907 there were 2 pupils; in 1911, 22 pupils;
in 1922, 24 pupils; since then this school has ceased to exist).
WALTHAMSTOW, ESSEX
Walthamstow Committee for the Welfare of the Blind was
founded, and weekly classes for handicrafts were held. Later
it became a sub-committee of the Essex Voluntary Association.
ABERDEEN 1904
The Aberdeen Asylum decided to close the educational and
inmate department as insufficient children sought admission.
(Henceforward the blind children were educated at Craigmillar
School, Edinburgh, and myopes at Rubislaw Special School.)
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution opened a showroom off New Street,
and moved its typewriting offices there.
92 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1904 BRIGHTON
The Barclay Home and School bought the neighbouring
house, 27 Wellington Road, and all the girls (fourteen) from
the older Blind School at Brighton were moved there.
Brighton School for the Blind, Eastern Road, decided only
to look after boys in future ; they had then about thirty-two.
BRISTOL
Bristol Institution opened its first Hostel for Blind Women
in Woodland Road, Clifton. (See 1919.)
DUBLIN
The Richmond National Institution was enlarged, and
brush-making was introduced. There were then thirty-one
inmates and twenty-eight out-workers.
LONDON
The Lending Library for the Blind, founded by Miss Arnold,
was moved to larger premises at Queen's Road, Bayswater.
The London County Council started a school for defective
blind boys, at Stormont House, Hackney Downs, with accom-
modation for twenty residential and ten day pupils.
MANCHESTER
W. H. Illingworth, for twenty years Head Master at Edin-
burgh, and author of History of the Education of the Blind (1910),
was appointed Superintendent of Henshaw's Blind Asylum.
(An account of his career appeared in The Beacon, December,
1924.)
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution started instruction in woodworking.
OLDHAM
Miss M. Lees started a workshop for women entitled the
Blind Women's Industries, at Werneth Hall, Frederick Street.
(In 1930 there were fifteen blind women employed there.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 93
PERIODICALS 1904
The Mission Field, a monthly missionary magazine in
Braille, was published by the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel, London.
The Braille Packet, a monthly paper, mainly literary,
political, and scientific, was started by Miss Grimwood of
Hove.
POSTAL REGULATIONS
The Postmaster-General agreed to allow "papers impressed
for the use of the blind/' not exceeding two ounces in weight,
to be sent for Jd. instead of id.
In the same year free postage was granted in America,
between library centres and readers.
PRINT, RAISED
Specimens of Moon type in 419 languages were sent to the
St. Louis Exhibition. The Pennsylvania Home Teaching
Society were awarded a gold medal. Dr. Robert C. Moon, son
of the inventor, was secretary of the Society.
SWANSEA
Swansea Institution purchased for 8,000 the freehold on
which the Institution stands.
WAKEFIELD
Wakefield and District Institution moved to 19 Queen
Street.
AMERICA , 1905
Death of Mr. H. L. Hall, founder and Superintendent of the
Pennsylvania Working Home for Blind Men, and of the
American Printing House for the Blind. He lost his sight in
the Civil War.
The New York Association for the Blind was founded, its
Secretary being Miss Winifred Holt (now Mrs. Mather) well
known for her work in the prevention of blindness.
94 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1905 BEXLEY, KENT
A High School and Home for the blind of the upper and
middle classes was started at Blendon Grove, Bexley.
(In 1930 this school no longer existed.)
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution opened a Kindergarten at Harborne,
built specially for the purpose, at a cost, including land, of
18,750. The Institution also carried out extensions and im-
provements at the principal school, Carpenter Road, at a cost
of 3,000.
(In 1930 it had forty-four resident pupils in the kindergarten.)
BRIGHTON
The Barclay Home and School bought the neighbouring
house, 21 Wellington Road, and provided a new playroom and
isolation block.
BRISTOL
The Blind Home was transferred from Aberdeen Road to
Gordon Road, Clifton, and named the Clifton Blind Women's
Home.
CONFERENCE
An International Conference for the Blind and an Exhibition
were held at Edinburgh ; Mr. Henry J. Wilson was Chairman
of the Conference Committee.
(For full Agenda, see Appendix III, page 193.)
CORBETT, DR. SAMUEL
Dr. Samuel Corbett (blind) was appointed Professor of
Music at the Midland Institution, Nottingham. At the age of
fourteen he was appointed organist and choir-master at
Christ Church, Wellington, subsequently taking the degrees
of Doctor of Music (Cambridge), and F.R.C.O. Up to this date
he was the only blind man who had taken a degree of Doctor
of Music by examination.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 95
CORNWALL 1905
The Dowager Lady Robinson's Fund for the Blind was
formed by a bequest of 15,000 for the relief of the blind in
Penzance and district.
(In 1930 there were thirty-four pensioners each receiving
10.)
EDINBURGH
Mr. William M. Stone was appointed Superintendent and
Head Master of the Royal Blind Asylum and School.
(In 1930 Mr. Stone was still holding the above posts, and
was also a member of the Scottish Advisory Committee and
an examiner of the College of Teachers of the Blind.)
EDINBURGH AND SOUTH-EAST SCOTLAND SOCIETY
The Jamieson Fund, for granting annuities to blind persons,
was founded by Andrew Jamieson and his sister, Elizabeth
Jamieson.
(In 1930 the income amounted to about 1,323.)
GLASGOW
The Royal Asylum rebuilt and enlarged its workshops and
fitted apparatus for sterilization and purification in the bedding
factory.
LONDON
The After-care Association for Blind, Deaf, and Crippled
Children was founded, to "provide suitable wage-earning
employment for physically defective children within the
county of London, in order that as large a proportion as
possible might become self-supporting."
The Barclay Workshops for Blind Women were started in
Praed Street, London, W., to give employment to blind women
trained at the Barclay Home, Brighton, who wished to live in
London. It was the first blind institution to make weaving
the chief industry. All the workshops in London were asked
to take the weavers, but as they refused to do so the Barclay
Workshops were established. A joint committee was formed of
members of the Barclay Home (Brighton) Committee, and the
Barclay Workshops (London) Committee for dealing with
96 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1905 matters of general policy. Mr. Godfrey F. Mowatt, J.P., was
elected Chairman of this Committee.
(In 1930 the Barclay Workshops, 19-21 Crawford Street,
had 62 blind women on its register, including 55 paid workers,
4 trainees, i pensioner, and 2 receiving free workroom accom-
modation.)
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum received 10,000 from the trustees
of the late James Holden, of Rochdale, forming The James
Holden Trust, providing fifty-five weekly grants to blind
persons in the area.
(In 1930 the income from this fund was 380, half of which
was used by Henshaw's Institution for general expenses, and
the other half paid to the Rochdale and District Society.)
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
Owing to a legacy of 10,000, by the late George Handyside,
Newcastle Institution was able to build large new workshops
facing Breamish Street.
Newcastle School replaced the iron building erected in 1895
by a stone building costing 6,000, consisting of classrooms,
library, museum, etc.; the school was then certified for
seventy-five pupils.
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution for the Blind extended and built
new workshops. It was the first Institution to be recognized
by the Board of Education for grant-earning as a Technical
School.
OXFORD
The "George Barker Memorial" was founded at Queen's
College for blind students or those in danger of becoming blind,
who intended to study for the Final Honours School of English
Literature.
The emoluments of the Memorial are 50 a year tenable for
at least four years from the date of matriculation.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 97
PRINT, RAISED 1905
The Braille Rules for Literature, as revised by the British
Braille Committee, were adopted and published.
SOUTHPORT, LANCASHIRE
Manchester and Salford Blind Aid Society opened a Home
of Rest for twenty men and twenty women, in place of the
small Home at St. Anne's. It also opened a new Braille
Library.
WALSALL, STAFFORDSHIRE
Workshops were opened at Wednesbury Road, Walsall,
where 6 blind men were employed at basket-making.
(In 1930 the Walsall, Wednesbury and District Society for
the Blind had 228 blind persons on its register, including
30 employed in the workshops and 6 home workers.)
WORCESTER
The Rev. Thomas Barnard, M.A. (blind) was appointed
Head Master of Worcester College, in place of the Rev. J. B.
Nicholson, resigned.
ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1906
The Post Office (Literature for the Blind) Act, 1906, was
passed, by which books in raised type can be sent through the
post at reduced rates.
AMERICA
Death of Michael Anagnos in Rumania (born at Epirus,
Greece, 1837). ' A deep thinker, a wise counsellor, a prophet
of good, a great-hearted lover of mankind, a true far-seeing
leader of the blind* along the right paths." He became
Director of Perkins Institution, Boston, U.S.A., in 1876,
where he established the Howe Memorial Press and the special
Reference Library in Blindness and the Blind. He was also
the first person to realize the importance of Kindergarten
training for blind children, and established such a school in
1883, raising an endowment fund of a million dollars for the
work.
98 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1906 BACUP
The Rossendale Society for Visiting and Instructing the
Blind started a pension fund for the needy blind in the Rossen-
dale Valley.
(In 1930 there were thirty-four blind pensioners being
helped, partly from this fund, and partly by the County
Council.)
BOTANIST, BLIND
Mention is made in The Blind of an extraordinary man,
John Grimshaw Wilkinson, of Burley, President of the Leeds
Naturalist Club and Scientific Association; born in 1856, he
became a tradesman in Leeds, and lost his sight through
neuralgia when twenty-two years of age. He afterwards
studied botany and wrote several volumes in Braille on the
subject. He could recognize any tree by touching or tasting
the bark or leaf. He labelled the trees in Roundhay Park, and
compiled for the Royal Agricultural Society a list of a hundred
most destructive weeds, with full details of how to detect and
destroy them. In 1912 it was reported that he had complete
acquaintance by touch and taste with over four thousand
species of plants, and frequently had plants referred to him
from all parts of the country and from abroad, with a request
to state their classes and lineage.
BRADFORD
Death of Miss A. E. Holloway (born 1826), for forty-five
years Hon. Secretary of the Bradford Institution, and very
largely responsible for its growth and progress.
Bradford Institution opened a training home in Springfield
Place for teaching simple handicrafts to otherwise unemploy-
able men.
BRIGHTON
Barclay Home and School built a wing on to 27 Welling-
ton Road, providing additional workroom and dormitory
accommodation.
HULL
The Hull Institute started training pupils in massage.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 99
LONDON 1906
Barclay Workshops for Blind Women moved to larger
premises at 246 Edgware Road, W.
The Viscount Cranborne Memorial Fund was founded by a
gift of 500 from Lord Eustace Cecil, the interest of which is
spent on cases on the waiting list of the Poor Adult Blind
Pension Society.
OLDHAM
Oldham Council decided to allow blind people to travel on
its trams for half-fare.
PERIODICALS
The Braille weekly edition of The Daily Mail started in
December. This paper was later succeeded by The Braille
Mail.
The Moon Magazine, the first monthly magazine in Moon
type, was produced by the Moon Society at Brighton.
SHEFFIELD
The Sheffield Institution opened large new workshops at a
cost of about 5,000. *
TELEPHONIST
Mr. Henry Stainsby, Superintendent of the Birmingham
Institution, secured for one of his pupils the post of telephone
operator in a large manufacturing business in Birmingham.
UNIONS
A conference was held at Manchester on matters relating to
the blind living outside Institutions and in their own homes,
of which the outcome was the formation of the North of
England Union of Institutions and Agencies for the Blind,
embracing the six northern counties (Cumberland, Durham,
Lancashire, Northumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire) .
Chairman, Mr. F. J. Munby, Hon. Secretary, Miss Isabel
Heywood.
This was the beginning of a most important enterprise;
six other Unions were formed during the next two years,
covering the whole of England and Wales, and culminating in
ioo CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1906 1909 in the formation of the Union of Unions, afterwards
known as the Union of Counties' Associations for the Blind.
The Associations in 1930 had voluntary agents in nearly every
town or large village in the country, visiting the blind in their
homes and reporting to their local secretaries any special
needs of the blind whom they visited. The county secretaries
have many and varied duties, and are responsible for registra-
tion of blind persons, issuing of wireless licences, payment of
weekly grants, etc.
WHITBY
Whitby Trust for the Blind was founded by Mr. Alfred
Hirst with 500, which was invested for pensions for the blind
of Whitby and neighbourhood.
(In 1930 the income from investments amounted to about
78.)
WORCESTER
Dr. Corbett, of Droitwich, bequeathed 10,000 to the
Worcester Municipal Charities, providing twenty pensions of
12 los. each, for the blind of Worcester.
Gardner's Trust presented its Students' Library to the
College for the Blind, Worcester.
1907 ACCRINGTON
Accrington Society for the Blind became the Accrington
and District Institution for the Blind and Prevention of
Blindness (including work for the blind of Accrington,
Haslingden, Clayton-le-Moors, Church, and Oswaldtwistle).
(In 1930 there were 107 blind persons on the register.)
ACT OF PARLIAMENT
The Education (Administrative Provision) Act abolished
the obligation of voluntary schools to provide at least one-
third cost of maintenance from voluntary sources.
This for the first time enabled a local Education Authority
to pay the whole cost of the maintenance and education of a
blind child. Under the same Act the medical inspection of
school children was first instituted.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 101
APPARATUS 1907
The Stainsby-Waync Braille Interpointing Machine was
invented, and the Braille Interliner improved.
BRISTOL
Amalgamation of the Bristol School of Industry for the
Blind with the Association for Home Teaching and Industrial
Employment, thus bringing all the work for the blind in Bristol
under the control of one committee.
CAMBRIDGE
H. M. Taylor, F.R.S. (blind) founded the Embossed Scien-
tific Books Fund. He himself wrote the first copies of works
in Braille on Algebra, Sound and Music, Astronomy, Geology,
Trigonometry, Chemistry, Mechanics, Electricity and Mag-
netism and other subjects.
CASWELL BAY, SOUTH WALES
Mr. Glyn Vivian (blind) erected a Home, The Glyn
Vivian Home of Rest for the Blind, at Caswell Bay, near
Swansea, and in addition gave 1,000 for its endowment.
The lease for the land is for 990 years at a yearly rental of
one shilling. The Home, which accommodates seven men and
seven women, stands on two-and-a-half acres of land.
CONGRESS
The Twelfth Congress of Teachers of the Blind was held at
Hamburg.
DUNDEE
Dundee Institution added a gymnasium and music classroom.
EDINBURGH
The Royal Blind Asylum built a new School and Women's
Home at a cost of 15,000.
EXETER
Exeter Institution erected new workshops at a cost of
i,55O. of which 1,350 was given by Mrs. Maria Nosworthy,
and 200 by Gardner's Trust. The School was then certified
for forty-five pupils.
102 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1907 HANLEY
Stoke-on-Trent Blind Institution opened additional work-
shops at Hanley.
LANCASTER, LANCASHIRE
Lancaster Society for helping the blind of Lancaster and
district was established.
LONDON
The Blind Women Workers' Annuity Fund, of which the
Cloth workers' Company are the Trustees, was founded. It
provides pensions to blind unmarried gentlewomen, who are
striving to contribute to their own maintenance. Annual
income about 133.
The College and Association of Teachers of the Blind was
founded "To quicken interest, stimulate thought, and en-
courage research in education, and so benefit the education of
the blind/' and generally to help teachers to find suitable posts,
and schools to find suitable teachers. First Chairman, Henry
J. Wilson. (In 1928 the title was changed to the College
of Teachers of the Blind.)
Death of Mrs. Dow at Betchworth. She (then Miss C. C.
Howden) founded the National Lending Library in 1882, with
Miss Martha Arnold. She also started the Arnold Carriage
Fund, and the Dow Blind Writers' Fund to give employment
to blind persons in copying Braille books. She always took the
greatest interest in the work, and lived to see the Library
possessed of 8,500 volumes.
Julia Short Annuity Fund, of which the Clothworkers'
Company are the Trustees, was founded; it provides a pension
of 25 to a blind lady, who shall have been a teacher.
South London Institute for the Blind, formerly Hampton's
Mission, opened premises at Borough Road, S.E. The work
consisted of: (i) An Employment Bureau; (2) A Polytechnic;
(3) A Hostel for blind girls. At the opening ceremony the
Rev. St. Clare Hill, Secretary, stated that it was the first
institution of the kind in Europe.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 103
NORWOOD 1907
The Royal Normal College gave a concert and gymnastic
display at the Royal Albert Hall, attended by the King and
Queen, and the Prince and Princess of Wales.
PERIODICALS
The Matilda* Ziegler Magazine for the Blind (monthly) was
established in New York by Mrs. W. Ziegler.
The Outlook for the Blind, a quarterly inkprint periodical,
was first published by Mr. Charles Campbell.
(In 1930 both the above were still being published.)
SOUTHEND-ON-SEA
A new wing was added to the Southend Branch of the
North London Homes, at a cost of about 1,600.
STAFFORDSHIRE
Alice Fenton, by her will dated November, 1782, left a
twelfth part of the income derived from letting Cheddleton
Grange Farm to form an annuity for one blind person in the
county of Stafford.
(Alice Fenton's Charity, administered by a Committee of the
Staffordshire County Council, was not established till 1907,
and in 1930 one blind person was receiving the income of
5 43. a year.)
SWEDEN
An International Association of Blind Musicians was
established at Stockholm, with Herr Thilander as Secretary.
ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1908
The Education (Scotland) Act, 1908, empowered School
Boards which made special provision for the education of
defective children to require the parents of such children
to provide efficient education for them up to the age of
sixteen years. (" Defective " children is generally interpreted
as including blind children.) School Boards were also em-
powered by this Act to make arrangements for the medical
examination and supervision of school children.
104 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1908 BELFAST
The Belfast Blind Association Workshops and shop were
partially destroyed by fire, but were rebuilt..
BIRMINGHAM
Mr. William Henry Thurman was appointed Secretary of
the Birmingham Institution in place of Mr. Henry Stainsby,
Who, after twenty-eight years' valuable service, was appointed
Secretary-General of the British and Foreign Blind Association.
Birmingham Institution erected two new workshops at
Harborne, each 100 ft. by 45 ft., at a cost of 3,000; twenty-
three mat looms, besides other equipment, were transferred
there.
William Stevenson Trust was founded for the benefit of blind
widows resident in Handsworth.
(In 1930 there were thirteen pensioners receiving 10 each.)
BLACKBURN
Blackburn and District Workshops for the Blind was
founded. (In 1930 there were 53 blind persons employed, as
trainees in^the workshops, or as home workers.)
BRADFORD
Bradford Institution opened a Training Home in Spring
Bank for the teaching of simple handicrafts to otherwise
unemployable women.
CANADA
An Association, and Workshops for the Blind, were started in
Montreal, chiefly through the enterprise of Mr. P. E. Layton
(blind), a former student of Norwood.
CHESTER
Chester Home Teaching Society extended its work to
include Runcorn, Northwich, Altrincham, Crewe, etc.
CONFERENCE
An International Conference was held at Manchester.
Chairman, Henry J. Wilson.
(For full Agenda, see Appendix III, page 193.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 105
DARLINGTON, DURHAM 1908
Darlington Blind Welfare Society was founded. (See
1924.)
LONDON
Dr. Barnardo's Homes started a Home for Deaf, Dumb, and
Blind at Downs Park Road, Clapton, E.
(In 1930 there were about 20 inmates, including 3 blind
women.)
The Blind Self Aid Tea Company, Minories, London, was
started by the late Alfred Carr (blind).
(In 1920 the management was taken over by Mr. J. H.
Kreamer (blind). In 1930, 88 blind persons were employed as
canvassers, selling tea.)
This is a commercial undertaking, not a registered charity.
Rev. St. Clare Hill drew up a scheme for the amalgamation of
London Workshops, which was approved by the majority, but
the scheme never matured.
The National Institute of Massage (formerly fche London
Institute of Massage) became a tenant of the British and
Foreign Blind Association, in Bolsover Street, W.i ; 21 trained
masseurs and 36 masseuses were then on its register.
Professor M. M. McHardy, F.R.C.S., became Chairman of
both bodies. During his two years of office, he inaugurated a
scheme for moving the Association to the large premises in
Great Portland Street that it now occupies. He succeeded in
raising a large sum of money, and lived to see the scheme for
the building approved, but not completed.
Edith and Norman .Lord Pension Fund founded, adminis-
tered by Gardner's Trust. The amount of the pension is 26
per annum.
(In 1930 there were 30 pensioners.)
The Norman Lord Dinner Fund has a capital of 1,000, and
gives an annual dinner to about 200 blind guests.
Mr. Henry Stainsby was appointed Secretary-General of the
British and Foreign Blind Association.
io6 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1908 MANCHESTER
Manchester and Salford Blind Aid Society moved their
women to a larger home, The Elms, Eccles Old Road, Pendle-
ton, with accommodation for thirty-five blind persons.
SHROPSHIRE
Shropshire Society for the Home Teaching of the Blind was
founded. (See 1922.)
SOUTHSEA
Moody's Charity for the Blind was started for giving
pensions to blind persons in the county of Southampton. Six
blind persons receive 8 each, annually.
SWANSEA
Swansea Institution leased two houses in Picton Place, thus
making accommodation for seventy pupils.
UNIONS
Eastern ^Counties Union for the Blind was founded (after-
wards the Eastern Counties Association) for the care of the
blind in the counties of Bedford, Cambridge, and the Isle of
Ely, Huntingdon, Lincoln, Norfolk, and Suffolk.
Midland Counties Union for the Blind was founded (after-
wards the Midland Counties Association), for the care of the
blind in the counties of Derby, Nottingham, Stafford, Leices-
ter, Warwick, Worcester, Oxford, Buckingham, Hereford,
Northampton, and Rutland.
North-West Counties Union for the Blind was founded
(afterwards the North- Western Counties Association), for the
care of the blind in the counties of Cheshire, Shropshire and
North Wales.
South Wales and Monmouthshire Union for the Blind
was founded (afterwards the South Wales and Monmouth-
shire Association) for the care of the blind in the coun-
ties of Cardigan, Carmarthen, Glamorgan, Monmouth, and
Pembroke,
TtlR I?K\ r . HoNYKL (JoirclH UoSKDALiC,
M.A., D.D., K.S.A., F.R.S.L,
(1863 -1028}
H"ji. Tivasnr.T, London Assorifiliou for the Bit ml
1 IT 1 1 E L \Y r N i FK M o A USTI N
S*vivhir\ Cinuf> Jl} i.S) K.ilir.iial Library for iho Hlim!
PROFESSOR MALCOLM MCDONALD MC,HARDY, F.R.C.S.
Chairman of the British and Foreign Blind Association and the National
Institute of Massage (1908- 10)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 107
Western Counties Union for the Blind was founded (after- 1908
wards the Western Counties Association) for the care of the
blind in the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Gloucester,
Somerset, and Wiltshire.
Union of Institutions, Societies and Agencies for the Blind in
the Metropolitan and Adjacent Counties, later known as the
Metropolitan and Adjacent Counties Association, was founded
for the care of the blind in the counties of Berks, Essex, Hants,
Hertford, Kent, London, Middlesex, Surrey, and Sussex. Mr.
H. J. Wilson was elected first Chairman; Mr. Stuart Johnson,
Treasurer ; Mr. Guy Campbell, Hon. Secretary.
(In 1930 the name was changed to the South Eastern and
London Counties Association for the Blind.)
YORK
Mr. F. J. Munby was presented with a testimonial to cele-
brate the fact that the post of Hon. Secretary of the Yorkshire
School for the Blind had been held by him and by his father,
the late Joseph Munby, for a total period of 75 years. (He
remained Hon. Secretary until his death in 1914.)
j.c/1/y
BATH *
The Bath Home Teaching Society was established.
(In 1930 there were 194 blind persons on the register.)
BOLTON
A technical school was added to the Blind Institution.
(In 1927 there were nineteen pupils. In 1930 the school was
under the control of the local Education Committee.)
BRADFORD
Bradford Institution occupied large additional workshop
premises in Piccadilly as tenants under a 14 years' lease.
Bradford Tramways Committee granted free passes to the
blind for use on its cars.
BRIGHTON
The Brighton Blind Relief Society took over the Brighton
Blind Missionary Fund.
io8 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1909 CARDIFF
Cardiff Institution built a new workshop at a cost of 700,
providing accommodation for forty to fifty additional workers.
CONGRESS
An International Congress for the Improvement of the Con-
dition of the Blind was held at Naples.
DEVON
The County Home Teaching Society for the Blind in Devon
was established, mainly through the efforts of the Rev. S. F.
Harris, Vicar of Cotleigh. (See 1918.)
EXETER
Exeter Institution increased the accommodation for ele-
mentary education at a cost of 1,200, and took the children
from the Plymouth Institution.
HASTINGS, SUSSEX
A fund was founded for the blind of Hastings and St.
Leonards, /f which the Clothworkers' Company, London, are
the Trustees. Annual income about 44.
LIVERPOOL
Liverpool Workshops, Cornwallis Street, were rebuilt, and
amalgamated with the Birkenhead Society for the Blind.
LONDON
The Blind Social Aid and Literary Union was founded, to
facilitate the employment of the blind and partially blind by
giving publicity to their capacity and needs, and for the en-
couragement of social intercourse.
(In 1930 the membership numbered between thirty and
forty.)
The Lord Mayor (Sir Vesey Strong) presided at a meeting at
the Mansion House in aid of the British and Foreign Blind
Association.
The National Library started a section for Esperanto books.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 109
NEW ZEALAND 1909
The Jubilee Institute for the Blind was opened at Auckland.
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution erected a boarding-house for girls.
(In 1930 there were 14 blind residents.)
PERIODICALS
The Braille Musical Magazine was started by the British and
Foreign Blind Association (Editors, Mr. H. E. Platt, Mr. H. C.
Warrilow, F.R.C.O., and Mr. W. Wolstenholme, Mus.Bac.,
Oxon, all of whom were blind).
Mr. Wolstenholme, who was born at Blackburn in 1865, wa s
educated at Worcester College; an account of his career
appeared in The Beacon, November, 1924. More about Mr.
Platt is recorded under date 1913, and about Mr. Warrilow
under date 1916.
PLYMOUTH
Plymouth Institution closed the department for elementary
education, but its resident school was continued, with accom-
modation for 100 adult blind.
%
TRAVELLING
A committee was formed to protect the interests of blind
travellers. Hon. Secretary, T. H. Martin, Secretary, Society
for Teaching and Training the Blind, London.
The Great Eastern Railway issued an order that no blind
person might travel on its lines without a guide. After much
heated controversy the order was withdrawn.
UNIONS
The Union of Unions was founded as a nucleus controlling
body for the seven County Unions in England and Wales.
Henry J. Wilson was appointed Chairman, and Guy Campbell,
Hon. Secretary. (It afterwards became the Union of Counties
Associations for the Blind in England and Wales.)
BERKSHIRE 1910
Berkshire County Blind Society was founded.
(In 1930 there were 355 blind persons on the register.)
no CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1910 CONGRESS
A meeting of the blind was held in connection with the
Third Esperanto Congress at Cheltenham.
DEVON
North Devon Blind Society was founded.
(In 1930 this Society existed as a local committee only.)
EASTBOURNE, SUSSEX
Eastbourne Blind Society was founded for the general
assistance of the blind in the county borough of Eastbourne.
(In 1930 there were 79 blind persons on the register.)
HOVE, SUSSEX
Mr. Brookfield started a Home for the Blind. (In 1911 there
were four residents, and in 1915 two ; in 1922 it had apparently
ceased to exist.)
KEIGHLEY. YORKSHIRE
Keighley and District Institution for the Blind was founded
formally, although for many years the work had been carried
on in an informal manner.
(In 1930 there were 163 blind persons on the register,
including 5 home workers ; i home teacher was employed.)
LONDON
The London County Council gave free passes for its trams
to all blind persons, if accompanied by a guide.
The London Society for Teaching ajid Training the Blind
opened a machine-knitting department for the senior girls.
Mr. H. C. Preece (blind), was appointed Travelling Secretary
to the British and Foreign Blind Association, with the object of
popularizing the Association and raising funds.
The Surrey Association for the Blind enlarged its premises at
90 Peckham Road. The name was changed to the London
Association for the Blind,
WORK FOR THE BLIND in
MANCHESTER 1910
Henshaw's Blind Asylum opened the Mary Ann Scott
Memorial Home and Workshops, known as Hayesleigh ; a very
valuable addition and not far from the main building in
Chester Road. It was given by Mr. C. H. Scott, who after-
wards left 3,000 for its endowment.
NEWTON ABBOT, DEVON
Newton Abbot Care of the Blind Society was founded.
(In 1930 this Society existed as a local committee only.)
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution started bedding- and mattress-
making as additional industries for its blind workers.
PERIODICALS
Comrades, a monthly magazine in Braille for boys and girls,
was started by the British and Foreign Blind Association.
PONTEFRACT, YORKS
Pontefract-with-Osgoldcross Blind Visiting Society was
established.
(In 1930 this Society no longer existed.)
ST. LEONARDS-ON-SEA
Miss Alice Meiklejon started a Home for defective blind
women in connection with the School she had started in 1903.
(In 1915 there were five residents ; in 1922 it apparently no
longer existed.)
STOCKPORT
Mr. George Walthew's Bequest was founded for persons
over sixty years of age. The income of the fund is about
23 ios., which is distributed to about fifty blind persons on
Christmas Eve.
TORQUAY, DEVON
Torquay and District Society for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 194 blind persons on its register, and
46 " border line " cases.)
ii2 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
c, 1910 MUSEUMS
Mr. Charlton Deas, M.A., Director of the Sunderland Public
Libraries, Museum, and Art Gallery, was a pioneer in encour-
aging and assisting the blind to study, by means of touch, the
exhibits in the Sunderland Museum. Thanks to his example,
many other museums throughout the country afterwards pro-
vided similar facilities.
1911 AMERICA
Education Law in New York State made the education of
the blind compulsory.
BOURNEMOUTH, HAMPSHIRE
Bournemouth and District Blind Aid Society was founded.
(In 1930 there were 147 blind persons on the register.)
BRADFORD
Bradford Institution was granted the title " Royal " by H.M.
King George on the occasion of its Jubilee.
BRIGHTON*
The "Moon" Pension Fund was established for the neces-
sitous blind of Sussex.
(In 1930 the Fund, under the management of the Brighton
Society for the Welfare of the Blind, distributed five pensions
of 6 each and three of 3 each, to eight blind persons.)
BRISTOL
The Bristol School was moved to a beautiful new building
at Westbury-on-Trym, and the workshops to a large new
factory in Museum Avenue.
The Institution was given the title of " Royal " by H.M. King
George, and became the Royal School of Industry for the
Blind, Bristol.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
Buckinghamshire Blind Association was founded.
(In 1930 there were 318 blind persons on the register.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 113
CAMBRIDGESHIRE 1911
Cambridge Society for the Blind was established by the
efforts of Mr. H. M. Taylor, F.R.S. (blind). (Became the
Cambridgeshire Society, 1921. In 1930 there were 203 blind
persons on the register.)
CENSUS
The census figures for the year showed 26,366 blind persons
in England and Wales, 3,317 blind persons in Scotland, and
4,312 blind persons in Ireland.
(These figures cannot be relied upon for purposes of com-
parison, as the returns only asked for those who were totally
blind.)
CONFERENCE
An International Conference for the Blind was held at
Exeter; Mr. Henry J. Wilson (Chairman).
(For full Agenda see Appendix III, page 194.)
GLASGOW
St. Vincent's Schools and Hostel were moved from Lanark; to
Tollcross, Glasgow.
GLOUCESTER, GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Gloucester City Blind Society was founded.
(In 1930 there were 101 blind persons on the register.)
HARRIS, WILLIAM
Death of Mr. William Harris. He had joined the Committee
of the Leicester Institution in 1864, and from that time devoted
the greater part of his life to the service of the blind. He
visited Institutions all over the world, and became one of the
greatest authorities on the subject. The International Congress
in Paris in 1879 awarded him a gold medal. He brought out
the first Guide to Institutions and Chanties for the Blind in
1866 (privately), and for circulation in 1871 and 1884, an d did
much other good work for the cause.
INDIA
The number of blind in India was stated to be 443,653, or
142 per 100,000 of the population.
H4 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1911 ITALY
The number of blind in Italy was stated to be 28,357.
LEATHERHEAD, SURREY
The School for the Blind \vas given the title " Royal " by
H.M. King George V.
LONDON
The first fast-running electrical press for the reproduction
of Braille literature was installed at the British and Foreign
Blind Association. Up till then, all paper had to be wetted
before embossing, but with the new presses dry heat was used
instead.
East London Workshops for the Blind were started at
Plaistow, E. (In 1915 there were seventeen workers making
baskets and brushes; the workshops apparently ceased to
exist a few years later.)
James Mew's Charity for the Blind, of which the Cloth-
workers' Company are the Trustees, was founded. It provides
two pensions of 10 and one of 5 to poor blind persons between
twenty and fifty years of age.
Workshops for the Blind of London Federation Board was
founded, with offices at 60 Great Portland Street, W. Seven
out of the nine workshops for the blind joined the Federation.
A traveller was appointed to obtain orders for these work-
shops.
Chairman: Mr. Henry J. Wilson; Hon. Secretary: the Rev.
Dr. H. G. Rosedale.
NOTTINGHAM
The Midland Institution, Nottingham, was granted the title
of " Royal " by H.M. King George.
PERIODICALS
The Braille Literary Journal was started by the British and
Foreign Blind Association.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 115
SHORTHAND 1911
The Braille Shorthand System was revised, and additional
contractions added, by a committee appointed by the British
and Foreign Blind Association, consisting of Miss H. C.
Russell, Mr. Herbert D. Black, and Mr. Maurice J. Myers.
(See Braille Shorthand, published by the National Institute,
price 6d.)
WARWICKSHIRE
The Warwickshire Association for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 308 blind persons on the register.)
WIMBLEDON, SURREY
A Depot for the sale of work made by the blind was started
by Miss Hastings at Church Road (has since ceased to exist).
ACCRINGTON 1912
Accrington Workshop was moved to 32 Bank Street.
APPARATUS
The Optophone, invented by Mr. E. E. Fournier d'Albe, of
Paris, was exhibited at the Optical Exhibition, South Kensing-
ton. *
The object of this invention was to enable a totally blind
person to read ordinary print by means of the ear. With the
aid of a selenium cell and an intermittent source of light, the
different shapes of the letters were made to produce different
notes, which could be heard with the aid of head-phones.
The apparatus was too costly, and too difficult to be
practicable.
GLASGOW
The Royal Asylum completed the reconstruction of its
buildings. *
GORLESTON-ON-SEA, NORFOLK
The Education Authoritiesof Norwich, Yarmouth, Lowestoft,
Norfolk, East Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, and Essex
established the East Anglian Institution for Blind and Deaf
children. The buildings cost 11,000, and stand in six acres of
ground.
n6 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1912 KIRKLISTON
The Edinburgh and South-east Scotland Society opened
Jamieson Cottage, Kirkliston, as a Holiday Home in place of
a temporary house they had rented at Ratho for the previous
nine years.
(In 1930 the Home was still being used. From May to
September six blind persons were sent in batches for a fort-
night's stay.)
LEATHERHEAD
Mrs. Hawksley gave a sum of 5,000 to the Royal School,
Leatherhead, to found the Arthur Hawksley Pension Fund.
(In 1930 there were 12 pensioners.)
LIVERPOOL
The Home for Blind Children, Devonshire Road, Liverpool,
founded in the year 1874, was closed.
LONDON
Barclay Workshops for Blind Women moved to larger
premises, 233 Edgware Road, W.
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
built a showroom and carried out further extensions, at a cost
of 4,000.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
Bequest of 12,000 for the blind of Newcastle, Gateshead,
and neighbourhood, from the late John McKie Elliott, who
commenced life as a bricklayer's lad, and went blind early in
life ; became a master, and amassed a large sum of money by
courage and perseverance.
The Charity of John McKie Elliott, deceased, for the blind,
101 Rectory Road, Gateshead, was established.
(In 1930 this private charity had 31 blind persons on its
register.)
NORWOOD
Guy Marshall Campbell, F.C.T.B., F.R.G.S., was appointed
Principal of the Royal Normal College, in place of his father,
Sir Francis Campbell.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 117
(An account of his life appeared in The Beacon, December, 1912
1925-)
PARLIAMENTARY BILLS
Two Bills were introduced into Parliament to provide for
the technical education, employment, and maintenance of the
blind.
PETERBOROUGH, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
Peterborough Society for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 89 blind persons on the register.)
SlTTINGBOURNE, KENT
Sittingbourne Local Association for the Welfare of the Blind
was founded for the assistance of the blind in Sittingbourne,
Milton Regis and district.
(In 1930 there were 35 blind persons on the register.)
WORTHING, SUSSEX
Worthing Society for Befriending the Blind, 93 Rowlands
Road, was founded.
(In 1930 there were 70 blind persons on its register, and a
Social Centre had been established.)
ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1913
The Education (Scotland) Act, 1913, empowered School
Boards to provide medical and surgical treatment for school
children in need of such treatment.
AMERICA.
Day centres for partially sighted children were opened in
Boston and Cleveland. The movement, now known as sight-
saving, has since spread, widely in the States.
BIRMINGHAM
The Mary Hadley Pension Fund for Women was founded for
the benefit of persons connected with the Royal Institution.
(In 1929-30 the sum of 104 was paid in pensions.)
The Royal Institution transferred its Brush Department to
new workshops at Harborne, built at a cost of over 5,000.
9 (2155)
n8 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1913 BIRMINGHAM
Mr. H. E. Platt (blind), assistant instructor of music since
1902, was appointed chief instructor at the Birmingham
Institution. Mr. Platt was born at Worcester in 1856, and
was educated at the Birmingham Institution. (An account of
his career appeared in The Beacon, April, 1925.)
BOLTON
Bolton Blind Institution built a new school and workshops
at a cost of about 5,000.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
King Edward Memorial Pension Fund was founded. This
provides 2s. a week to a blind person in each of the four
divisions of the county.
CARDIFF
Cardiff Institution started making ships' cork fenders.
(In 1929-30 it sold 5,828 fenders; seven of the blind were
employed making coal-bags.)
CLERGY
The Blind (No. 63), published a list of twenty-eight blind
clergy of the Church of England.
CONFERENCE
A Conference of Schools took place at Derby, at which it
was decided to approach the Board of Education with a view
to obtaining increased grants.
EXETER
Exeter Institution enlarged the classrooms, enabling seventy-
five pupils to be accommodated instead of forty-five; other
improvements increased the outlay to 3,000.
LONDON
Flat machine knitting was started as an industry by the
London Association for the Blind, and in time became the
Association's chief industry for employing blind women.
(In 1930 it had 82 blind women engaged on this work, 78 of
whom were paid workers and 4 pupils.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 119
MANCHESTER 1913
Henshaw's Blind Asylum took an additional house for a
College for Music.
MOSLEM
A scheme on behalf of the blind in non-Christian and
Moslem countries was set on foot by Miss I. M. Hey wood.
NEWPORT
Newport and Monmouthshire Blind Aid Society established
workshops at Albert Terrace, Newport, and at Llandevaud.
(See 1917.)
NORTH SHIELDS
The Northern Counties Blind Society carried out further
extensions in Howard Street, North Shields.
PERIODICALS
The School Magazine (monthly), was published in Braille by
the British and Foreign Blind Association.
The Teacher of the Blind, a quarterly ink-print publication
containing articles on the education of the blind, was started
by the Association of Teachers.
PRESTON
A bequest of 5,000 was received by the Homes for the
Blind, Fulwood, under the will of Alderman W. B. Roper,
J.P. The sum of 2,000 was used for the erection of a
boarding house and 3,000 for an endowment fund.
WORCESTER
Mr. G. C. Brown, M.A., was appointed Head Master of
Worcester College. (An account of his career appeared in
The Beacon, April, 1928.)
WORCESTERSHIRE
The Worcestershire Association for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 388 blind persons on the county register
and 114 on the Worcester county borough register. There
were five handicraft classes and social centres established.)
120 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1913 YORK
The City Corporation granted free tram passes to the blind.
1614
BOARD OF EDUCATION
Board of Education issued revised regulations by which
they agreed to pay certified schools for the blind 7 a year for
each day pupil who put in full attendance, and 13 for each
boarder.
BOURNEMOUTH
Bournemouth and District Blind Aid Society started a
pension fund.
(In 1930 it had three pensioners receiving a total of
BRIGHTON
Death of Miss Adelaide Moon (69), daughter of the late Dr.
William Moon. For many years she had carried on the work of
the Moon Society established by her father ; she also founded
the Moon pension Society.
The Moon Society was taken over by the National Institute.
The Barclay Home and School started a workshop for blind
women at Brighton, and built an additional workroom and
a chapel.
CONFERENCE
An International Conference for the Blind was held in
London (Mr. H. J. Wilson, Chairman).
(For full Agenda see Appendix III, page 195.)
DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE
As a result of a motion by Mr. A. J. Wardle, M.P. for
Stockport, a departmental committee was appointed in May by
the President of the Local Government Board to consider the
present condition of the blind in the United Kingdom, and
the means available for (a) their industrial or professional
training, and (b) their assistance ; and to make recommenda-
tions.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 121
DERBYSHIRE 1914
The Derbyshire Association for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 683 blind persons on the county register
and 174 on the register of Derby county borough.)
DUNDEE %
Their Majesties, King George and Queen Mary, visited the
Dundee Institution for the Blind.
The John Ferguson Bequest was founded by a legacy of
5,000 from David Ferguson of Leith to the Institution, for the
provision of pensions for the blind.
LEEDS
The Leeds Embossed Book Fund, of which the Clothworkers'
Company are the Trustees, was founded, with money collected
in Leeds.
Pursuant to the terms of the Trust, the annual income of
about 68 is paid to the National Institute for the Blind, for the
provision of Braille literature, music, maps, apparatus, etc.,
for the benefit of the blind of Leeds and district.
LINCOLNSHIRE
The Lincolnshire Association for the Blind was founded.
(Terminated 1920.)
LONDON
The Armitage Fund for the Employment of Blind Workers,
of which the Clothworkers' Company are the Trustees, was
founded by Miss Armitage, daughter of Dr. T. R. Armitage.
Pursuant to the terms of the Trust, the annual income of
about 112 is paid to the National Institute for the Blind.
The Armitage Indigent Blind Visiting Society Fund, of
which the Clothworkers' Company are the Trustees, was
founded, with the object of promoting the education and em-
ployment of the blind. Annual income about 62.
H.M. King George V, accompanied by H.M. the Queen,
opened the new premises of the British and Foreign Blind
Association at 224, 226, 228, Great Portland Street, W. ; at
the same time the name of the Association was changed to
The National Institute for the Blind.
122 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1914 LONDON
Mr. C. Arthur (afterwards Sir Arthur) Pearson was elected
the first President of the National Institute for the Blind.
Death of John Fletcher Little, M.B., M.R.C.P. He took a
prominent part in founding the National Institute for Massage
by the Blind, and* in training blind persons to become mas-
seurs or masseuses.
London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind started
boot-repairing as an industry for the blind.
NORWICH
Norwich Asylum built a new workroom for girls and a new
salesroom.
NORWOOD
Death of Sir Francis Campbell, first Principal of the Royal
College, Norwood; born in Tennessee, U.S.A., in 1832, he lost
his sight owing to an accident when a young child. At the
age of ten he was sent to a Blind School at Nashville, where he
later became music teacher. At the age of twenty-two he
narrowly escaped being lynched for his activities as an oppo-
nent of slavery.
After many adventures and hardships he met the late Dr.
Armitage, and shortly afterwards with his help founded what is
now the Royal College for the Blind, Norwood. Later he was
made a Doctor of Laws by the Glasgow University. In 1909 he
received a knighthood. In 1912 he relinquished his post of
Principal of the College and was succeeded by his son, Mr.
Guy Marshall Campbell.
OXFORD
Oxford Society started a Home Workers' and Sales Depot.
PERIODICALS
The Light Bringer, published quarterly in Braille, by the
Margaret Dudley Braille Lodge of the Theosophical Society,
was started. It contains articles on theosophical, philosophical,
and kindred subjects.
NATIONAL INSTITUTK FOR THE BLIND, HEADQUARTERS
2155) 122
WORK FOR THE BLIND 123
SUFFOLK 1914
East Suffolk Association was founded. (In 1930 there were
373 blind persons on the register.) (See 1923, 1929.)
West Suffolk Association was founded. (Terminated 1920.)
(In 1930, 128 blind persons in the area were being cared for by
the County Council.)
TODMORDEN, LANCASHIRE
Todmorden Society for the Blind was established for the
general assistance of the blind of the district. (In 1914 there
were 12 blind on the register, in 1929, 34.)
YEOVIL, SOMERSET
Yeovil Care of the Blind Society was established.
(In 1930 this Society existed as a local committee only.)
YORK
Death of Mr. F. J. Munby (born 1837), Hon. Secretary of
the Yorkshire School since 1875. The same post had been
held by his father from the foundation of the school in 1833
until his death in 1875.
AMERICA , 1915
A strong committee for "men blinded in battle " was formed
in New York with the Hon. Joseph H. Choate as President.
The work was under the direction of Miss Winifred Holt (later
Mrs. Mather) with headquarters in Paris; she started by
opening a "Lighthouse" or care-centre for the blind at Bor-
deaux, followed by two more "Lighthouses/' one at Paris and
one at Sevres.
BRADFORD
The Odsal School for the Blind, a residential school for
blind children, was established by the Bradford Education
Committee and opened by Mr. C. Arthur Pearson. (No longer
used for the blind.)
BRIGHTON
The National Institute for the Blind opened a Home at
Queen's Road, Brighton ; it was first used for soldiers blinded
in the Great War, and afterwards for women.
(In 1930 it had 18 blind women residents.)
124 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1915 CARDIFF
Cardiff Institute opened a new wing, consisting of 4 work-
rooms, offices, etc., thus enabling the number of workers to be
increased from 67 to about 100. That year 51 men and 20
women were being employed.
*
CONFERENCE
H. M. Taylor, M.A., F.R.S., presided at a Conference at the
National Institute for the Blind, to consider the question of
embossing suitable books of an educational character.
DUNDEE
H.M. King George granted the title of " Royal " to the
Dundee Institution.
EDINBURGH
Scottish National Institution for Blinded Soldiers and
Sailors, Newington House, Edinburgh, was opened by the
Royal Blind Asylum and affiliated with St. Dunstan's, London.
(By 1930 over 120 blinded ex-service men had been trained
at Newington House, and in that year 6 were still under
training, and 44 were employed in the workshop, in addition
to 20 in its workshop at Glasgow.)
HEBREW
A Braille Hebrew Grammar was compiled, and the Book of
Ruth, transcribed in Braille by the Rev. N. F. McNeile, M.A.,
and published by the National Institute.
HERTFORDSHIRE
Hertfordshire Association for the Blind was founded for the
registration and general assistance of the blind in the county.
(In 1930 there were 457 blind persons on the register.)
LONDON
The Association of Workers for the Blind was formed ; Miss
M. M. R. Garaway and Mr. J. M. Ritchie were appointed joint
Hon. Secretaries.
(In 1930 this Association no longer existed.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 125
LONDON 1915
The London Home Teaching Society was moved to 228
Great Portland Street, and affiliated with the National In-
stitute for the Blind.
The National Institute for the Blind tocfc over the National
Institute of Massage, and founded the National Institute for
the Blind School of Massage, Mrs. Chaplin Hall (formerly
Secretary to the National Institute of Massage) being appointed
Secretary to the newly formed organization. Blind students
were henceforward prepared for the examinations of the
Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics
(formerly the Incorporated Society of Trained Masseuses).
For the duration of the Great War the School devoted all
its energies to training blinded soldiers and sailors.
The London Society, Swiss Cottage, was incorporated under
the Companies' Act with the title The London Society for
Teaching and Training the Blind; Mr. J. M. Ritchie, M.A.,
of Henshaw's, was appointed Principal in place of Mr. T. H.
Martin.
St. Dunstan's Hostel for Blinded Soldiers and Sailors was
founded by the National Institute for the Blind, under the
personal management of that brilliant organizer, Mr. C. A.
(later Sir Arthur) Pearson at Mrs. Lewis Hall's House, Bays-
water Hill, in February. On 26th March, the sixteen blinded
soldiers were moved to larger premises, St. Dunstan's, Regent's
Park, generously lent by Mr. Otto Kahn. (The Institution took
its name from the house, and the house from its clock, which
was bought by the previous owner, the Marquis of Hertford,
from the old church of St. Dunstan's in the city, when it was
pulled down.) No. 21 Portland Place was also lent for blinded
officers. Probably no other institution of its kind in the world
has ever reached such large proportions and become so world-
renowned in such a short space of time. Its blind leader never
spared himself in encouraging the blinded soldiers and sailors
and in raising money to provide for their training and needs.
Somers Town Blind Aid Society changed its name to the
Hepburn Starey Blind Aid Society.
126 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1915 MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Blind Asylum, Old Trafford, opened the
Gresham Home for thirty blind men, and the Birch Avenue
Home for thirty blind women.
NORWOOD
H.M. Queen Alexandra opened a new Technical School and
presented prizes at the Royal Normal College, Upper Norwood.
NOTTINGHAM
Mr. H. W. Pine resigned his post of Secretary and Superin-
tendent at the Royal Midland Institution after thirty-six
years.
Mr. W. H. Bennett was appointed Trades Manager. (He
became Secretary and Superintendent in 1917.)
PERIODICALS
St. Dunstan's Review, a monthly magazine in ink-print, was
published by St. Dunstan's Hostel for Blinded Soldiers and
Sailors. It contained articles chiefly about this Institution's
work, and was for the amusement and interest of men blinded
in the War.*
The National Institute for the Blind published the Journal
of the Incorporated Society of Trained Masseurs.
RUSSIA
Two Institutions for blinded soldiers were opened in
Petrograd (now Leningrad).
STOURBRIDGE, WORCESTERSHIRE
Stourbridge Institution for the Blind opened workshops in
Bank Street. (In 1930 ten men were employed.)
SUNDERLAND
Sunderland and Durham County Institute was in danger of
having to close through lack of funds. Mr. C. A. Pearson
attended a local meeting, and promised 1,000 from the
National Institute for the Blind, provided that the 4,600
required was raised. This was quickly done, and an additional
2,600 was also collected to pay off its mortgage.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 127
WAR PENSIONS 1915
The following Royal Warrant was issued: "An officer who
has lost the sight of both eyes as the result of wounds received
in action shall be granted not less than 300 a year in wounds-
pension and retired pay, taken together, provided that the
total loss of vision occurs within five years af ter the wound, and
is solely attributed to it."
WORTHING
The London Association for tfie Blind started a Convalescent
Home at High Salvington, near Worthing, for blinded soldiers ;
it was shortly afterwards used for the civilian blind.
(In 1930 it had 16 blind inmates.)
YORK
Yorkshire School for the Blind suffered a heavy loss in the
death of Mr. A. B. Norwood, who had been its Principal since
1901. The Rev. C. F. Hardy, M.A., Principal of the Bristol
School, was appointed as his successor.
BRADFORD ,
Bradford Institution purchased 12 Spring Bank and extended
its Women's Home, opened in 1908.
CANADA
The first School for the Blind in British Columbia was opened
in Vancouver at the house of Mrs. C. E. Burke (blind).
CHINA
The First Annual Convention on the Education of the Blind
and Deaf of the East was held in Korea. (The number of blind
in China was estimated at over 1,000,000, a figure which
probably would be even larger but for the infanticide of girl
babies, and especially of those who are blind.)
LIBRARY
Association Valentin Haiiy, Paris, and the National Library,
London, arranged for a free interchange of books.
128 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1916 LONDON
The National Library was moved to larger premises at
Tuft on Street, Westminster. The Carnegie Trustees gave
2,000 for books, 9,000 for building, 1,500 for furnishing, and
1,500 towards the reduction of ground rent. The Library
then possessed 23*000 volumes, and the circulation was about
300 volumes a day. The Library (apart from the cost of
postage) is now made free to all readers.
The Rt. Hon. Lord Shaw, of Dunfermline, was elected
Chairman of the National Library.
The National Institute handed over its 8,000 volumes from
the Home Teaching Branch, and the Catholic Truth Society
handed over its collection of embossed books to the National
Library.
St. Dunstan's Hostel carried out considerable enlargements.
Music
Mr. H. C. Warrilow, F.R.C.O. (blind), was appointed
organist and supervisor of the Music Department at the
National Institute for the Blind. He was previously organist
at DartfcVd, and subsequently held the important post of
organist at St. Barnabas' Church, Oxford.
(An account of his career appears in The Beacon, June,
1926.)
UNIFORM TYPE
A National Committee was formed and met under the
Chairmanship of Mr. C. Arthur Pearson to consider the pro-
posals made by the American Commission on Uniform Type
for the Blind.
r
1917 BIRMINGHAM
A Joint Trading Committee was formed for the Birmingham,
Walsall, and Wolverhampton Societies to enable the three
Institutions to trade in friendly co-operation.
BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE
Boston Society for the Blind was founded. (See 1920.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 129
BRIGHTON 1917
The National Institute started a Convalescent Home for
Blinded Soldiers, at St. George's Road, Brighton, in connection
with St. Dunstan's.
BRISTOL
Mrs. Rose Anna Leir left a sum of money, the income of
which was to be given, at the discretion of the Trustees,
primarily to poor soldiers, natives of Bristol, blinded or
partially blinded during the Great War, 1914-18.
(In 1930 the Bristol Municipal Charities, as Trustees of the
Leir Fund, distributed the whole income of 93 to three
charitable funds not connected with the blind, as there were
no suitable blind cases.)
BURY, LANCASHIRE
The Bury and District Civilian Blind (Voluntary) Committee
was formed. (It ceased to exist when the Bury Society was
established in 1922.)
COIL-WINDING
The Crocker-Wheeler Co., of New York, started twenty
blind workers on electrical coil-winding and insulating.
DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE
The Report was published of the Departmental Committee
appointed in 1914 ; this led, in December, to the appointment
by the Rt. Hon. W. Hayes Fisher, M.P., President of the
Local Government Board, of an Advisory Committee. This
Committee, under the Chairmanship of Stephen Walsh, M.P.
and Vice-Chairmanship of H. J. Wilson, was appointed to
advise the Board on matters relating to the care and super-
vision of the blind in England and Wales. A special depart-
ment for the blind was created at the Local Government
Board. (The latter was shortly afterwards renamed the
Ministry of Health).
LONDON
The London Knitting Industries, Ltd., was started in Soho
by Miss Rothwell, for employing blind girls trained at the Elm
130 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1917 LONDON
Court School, West Norwood. (In 1921, 35 were employed;
the work was discontinued shortly afterwards, and most of the
workers taken over by the London Association for the Blind.)
The National Institute for the Blind started a Hostel for
blind women, at Langham Street, W.I, chiefly for their own
blind employees. (In 1921 there were 47 inmates; in 1927
the Hostel was removed to Oval Road, N.W.I.)
St. Dunstan's After-care Department was started under the
management of Capt. Ian Fraser; St. Dunstan's also carried
out further extensions. (An account of Capt. Fraser's career
appears in The Beacon, May, 1925.)
The Workshops for the Blind of London Federation Board
decided to discontinue its work.
NEWPORT (MoN.)
Newport and Monmouthshire Blind Aid Society moved its
workshops to Charles Street, Newport. (See 1926.)
PERIODICALS
The Beaaon, a magazine devoted to the interests of the blind,
was published by the National Institute for the Blind.
The Indian Association of Workers for the Blind started a
quarterly magazine Light to the Blind published by Mr.
P. N. V. Rau, Mysore.
ST. HELENS, LANCASHIRE
St. Helens and District Society for the Welfare of the Blind
was established. (In 1930 there were 230 blind persons on the
register, including 16 employed in the workshop, 4 home
workers, and i home visitor.)
SCOTTISH NATIONAL FEDERATION
A Federation, called The Scottish National Federation of
Institutions and Societies for the Blind, was formed of the
fifteen Institutions and Societies for the Blind in Scotland.
Since its inception the Federation has held conferences
annually, and has played a prominent part in every movement
for the welfare of the blind.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 131
WAR PENSIONS, ETC. .1917
A lecture was delivered by Sir Arthur Pearson at the Royal
Society of Arts on blinded sufferers from the War and their
future employment. The chair was taken by the Rt. Hon.
W. Hayes Fisher, M.P., President of the Local Government
Board, who stated that after the Egyptian War, blinded
soldiers were granted 75. per week as pension, after the Boer
War 175. 6d. per week. Men blinded in the Great War received
not less than 273. per week irrespective of personal earnings,
and an allowance of i weekly for a guide if necessary, to-
gether with allowances for children. Officers blinded received
not less than 300 a year.
WIGAN, LANCASHIRE
Wigan and District Workshops for the Blind were founded, in
Millgate, Wigan. (In 1930 there were 22 employed in the
workshops, 2 home teachers, and 270 blind persons on the
register.)
WORCESTER
Mr. Godfrey F. Mowatt was appointed Hon. Secretary of
Worcester College.
ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1918
The important Education Act (1918) restated and enlarged
the powers of Local Education Authorities in regard to every
type of education, including that of the blind. It reinforced
the provisions for medical inspection and treatment of school
children, thereby laying the foundation of much preventive
work in blindness; further, the Government grant to blind
schools was materially increased. Under this Act the voca-
tional training of the blind became an obligation on the Local
Education Authority.
The Education (Scotland) Act, 1918, raised the age up to
which provision had to be made under the Act of 1890,
to eighteen years, and empowered Local Education Authorities
to facilitate, e.g. by bursaries, the attendance of qualified
children or young persons (including blind) at secondary
schools, University, or other approved institutions.
132 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1918 ADVISORY COMMITTEE, ENGLAND AND WALES
Mr. Godfrey Mowatt and Mr. Ben Purse, both blind, were
appointed on the Advisory Committee to the Local Govern-
ment Board.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE, IRELAND
The Irish Advisory Committee on the Welfare of the Blind
held its first meeting. (Sir Thomas J. Stafford, Bart, C.B.,
Chairman.)
ADVISORY COMMITTEE, SCOTLAND
The Scottish Advisory Committee on the Welfare of the
Blind held its first meeting. (Sir David Paulin, Chairman.)
APPARATUS
Lady Algernon Percy invented a system of communicating
with the deaf-blind, by using the Morse code and a series of
small hammers which tap the fingers of the persons addressed.
AUSTRALIA
Death at^ the age of fifty-seven of Mr. Andrew W. Hendry,
founder and manager of the Royal Institution for the Blind,
North Adelaide. He lost the sight of one eye through an
accident when thirteen years of age, and about ten years later
he became totally blind. His handicap merely inspired him to
greater things; his whole life was a triumph over his affliction.
CANADA
Dressmaking was started as an industry for the blind by the
Canadian National Institute for the Blind. (See The Beacon,
January, 1926.)
CHORLEY WOOD, HERTFORDSHIRE
The National Institute for the Blind opened its first Sun-
shine Home for Blind Babies.
COUNTIES UNIONS
The President of the Local Government Board asked the
seven Counties Unions to act as Local Advisory Committees.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 133
DEVON 1918
The Devon County Association for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 993 blind persons on the register.)
DEWSBURY, YORKSHIRE
Institution for the Blind of Dewsbury, Datley and District,
was founded by Mr. Joe Kaye at Daisy Hill, Dewsbury, for
teaching and training the blind of the district and enabling
them to earn a livelihood. (In 1929 there were 260 blind
persons on the register, 15 in the workshops and 7 pupils being
trained.)
DORSET
The Dorset County Association for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 449 blind persons on the register.)
GLOUCESTERSHIRE
The Gloucestershire County Association for the Blind was
founded.
(In 1930 there were 610 blind persons on the register.)
HARTLEPOOL, DURHAM
A fund for the training and after-care of the blind was
instituted by the Mayor of West Hartlepool. Useful work on
behalf of the blind had previously been set on foot by the Rev.
W. J. Knowlden, Vicar of St. Aidan's.
LIFE INSURANCE
Life Insurance Policies were granted by the Sun Life
Assurance Company of Canada to the blind, on equal terms
with the sighted. (Several other Insurance Companies have
since followed its example.)
LONDON
The Braille and Servers of the Blind League was founded,
by William Burgess
(a) For the provision and maintenance of social clubs for
the adult civilian blind throughout Great Britain.
(b) For the provision of Homes for blind mentally defective
children.
io (2155)
134 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1918 LONDON
The name was later changed to the Servers of the Blind
League.
In addition to the social activities undertaken by the clubs,
the League provides holidays, clothing, medical relief, bread
and coal tickets, <and outings to the sea and country, for
necessitous blind persons.
(In 1930 there were 17 clubs open, including 9 in London,
with a total membership of about 2,500. There was also a
Home for mentally defective children at Reigate.)
The London Association for the Blind took additional
premises for showroom and workrooms in Rochester Row,
Westminster, and started the first of a series of Hostels for Blind
Women, at Bessborough Street, Westminster.
(In 1930 there were 64 blind residents in its various Hostels.)
Miss Ethel Winifred Austin died. She had been Secretary of
the National Library for the Blind since 1906, and worked
there up to the time of her death. During her secretaryship
the Library was greatly improved and enlarged, and she was
largely responsible for the many improvements effected. She
organized lectures and concerts at the Library. By her efforts
the collections of books belonging to the London Home
Teaching Society, the Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel and the Catholic Truth Society were incorporated in
the National Library, and the Library of the Manchester and
Salford Blind Aid Society was taken over and made a branch
of the National Library. She organized the teaching of reading
and writing Braille at St. Dunstan's, and was a member of the
Advisory Committee on the Blind.
The National Institute received 11,000 from the executors
of the late H. F. Bailey.
The Bailey Bequest was founded, and the income applied
Five-elevenths to sick and poor blind persons.
Five-elevenths to general purposes of the Institute.
One-eleventh to blind knitters.
Dr. Alfred Washington Guest Ranger, M.A., D.C.L. (blind),
Chairman of the National Institute for the Blind since 1913,
was knighted for his services to the blind.
(Sir Washington was senior partner in the firm of Messrs,
WORK FOR THE BLIND 135
Ranger, Burton & Frost, Solicitors, and the first blind man to 1918
earn the distinction of D.C.L. An account of his successful
career appeared in The Beacon, June, 1924, and March, 1929,
obiit.)
St. Dunstan's work was extended; 1,500 blinded soldiers
were being looked after.
West London Workshop for the Blind purchased the free-
hold of its premises, 60 High Street, and the neighbouring
premises, 58 High Street, Notting Hill, W.
MANCHESTER
The National Library for the Blind established a northern
branch in St. John Street, Manchester, at a cost of 5,000, of
which the Carnegie Trust provided 3,000. This branch serves
the eight northern counties of England, and supplies 65 public
libraries. The Manchester and Salford Blind Aid Society
handed over its books to the Library. (In 1918 readers
numbered 136, and volumes 8,000 ; in 1930 there were 33,364
volumes in the Library, the circulation had reached 79,407
volumes per annum, and the readers numbered over 3,000.)
Manchester and Salford Blind Aid Society openecf a Home,
Oaklands, for thirty aged blind men, next to its Women's
Home in the Eccles Old Road, Pendleton.
PERIODICALS
Nuggets, a popular weekly magazine in Braille, was pub-
lished by the National Institute for the Blind. (It has since
been discontinued.)
SOMERSET
The Somerset County Association for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 882 blind persons on the register.)
SOUND LOCATING
The War Office invited the services of blind men to use
sound-locating instruments in connection with searchlight
stations.
136 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1S18 STAFFORDSHIRE
The Staffordshire Association for the Welfare of the Blind
was founded.
(In 1930 there were 727 blind persons on the register.)
UNION OF COUNTIES ASSOCIATIONS
The title of the Union of Unions was changed to the Union
of Counties Associations for the Blind, and the seven County
Unions also changed their names to Counties Associations.
1919 ADVISORY COMMITTEE
G. Locker- Lampson, M.P., was appointed Chairman of the
Advisory Committee on the Welfare of the Blind in place of
Stephen Walsh, M.P.
ARGENTINE
The Argentine National Society for the Blind at Buenos
Aires ceased to exist, leaving 8,000 blind persons uncared for.
AUSTRALIA
A Free Library for the Blind at Melbourne was opened.
BEDFORDSHIRE
Luton and District Committee was founded (renamed in
1927 the South Bedfordshire Society.)
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution opened a Hostel to accommodate
eighteen blind women. (In 1929 this was changed into a hostel
for men, and in 1930 there were 13 blind residents.)
BRISTOL
The Royal School of Industry moved its Women's Hostel to
larger premises at Tyndalls Park, Bristol.
(In 1930 it had 18 residents.)
CROYDON, SURREY
The Bates's Charity was founded by a bequest of 9,000 from
the late Edward George Bates.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 137
The interest (about 450) provides pensions for about thirty- 1919
five blind persons resident in the borough of Croydon.
The charity is administered from the Croydon Town Hall.
HEREFORDSHIRE
The Herefordshire County Association for the Blind was
founded.
(In 1930 there were 170 blind persons on the register.)
INDIA
The estimated number of blind persons in Indian villages
was 600,000, almost uncared for.
LIVERPOOL
The Liverpool Workshops and Home Teaching Society
started a Home for Aged Blind Women at Aigburth Road.
(In 1930 there were 15 inmates.)
Death of Mr. Charles A. Hartley (born 1857), member of the
Local Government Board Advisory Committee, Works
Manager, and later General Manager of the Liverpool Work-
shops. t
During the last thirty-two years of his life he worked un-
sparingly for the good of this Institution, and many of its
developments were due to him.
LONDON
The Association for the General Welfare of the Blind was
extended by the purchase of neighbouring premises, 257
Tottenham Court Road.
The Barclay Workshops moved to 21 Crawford Street, W.,
thus obtaining a showroom for the first time.
Mr. P. M. Evans, LL.D., M.A., Clerk to the Clothworkers'
Company, was appointed Chairman of the Union of Associa-
tions and the Metropolitan and Adjacent Counties Association,
in place of Mr. H. J. Wilson, resigned. The Clothworkers'
Company allow the meetings of the Union to be held at its
Hall in Mincing Lane, and have been most liberal with grants
and hospitality. (An account of Mr. Evans's career appeared in
The Beacon^ March, 1927.)
138 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1919 LONDON
London Association for the Blind took additional premises
in Churton Street, Westminster.
A Hostel for Blind Men was started in Waterloo Road, S.E.,
by the Royal School for the Blind, Leatherhead.
Sergt. A. M. Nicholls, who was blinded in the War, and lost
both hands, was taught at St. Dunstan's to typewrite effici-
ently with artificial hands.
London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind, built
workshops in Eton Avenue, near by, at a cost of 4,000.
MASSAGE
The Association of Certificated Blind Masseurs was founded
under the auspices of the National Institute for the Blind and
St. Dunstan's Hostel for blinded soldiers and sailors ; President,
Sir Arthur Pearson, G.B.E. ; Chairman, Mr. Percy L. Way,
C.S.M.M.G., B.P.A., F.R.C.O. ; Secretary, Mrs. F. Chaplin Hall.
For an account of the career of Mr. Way, a blind graduate of
Durham University, see The Beacon, April, 1926.
(In 1929 the number of certified masseurs and masseuses on
the register of the Association was about 100 civilians and 112
ex-soldiers.)
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
In August the Ministry of Health issued important new
regulations authorizing grants to Registered Institutions for
the Blind, for the following services
Workshops, 20 per head per annum for each blind person
fully employed.
Home Workers, 20 per head per annum for each blind
person fully employed.
Homes, 13 per annum, per inmate.
Hostels, 5 per annum, per inmate.
Home Teachers, not exceeding 78 per head per annum.
Book Production, 2s. 6d. per volume, 2d. per magazine,
periodical, or sheet of music.
County Associations to receive 20 for each 100 registered
blind persons in their area.
The Minister of Health instructed the secretaries of all
County Associations to send him a monthly return, giving him
SERGEANT A, M. Xicimu s (Buxu) TYPKAVRITI>;<; WITH
\RTiKiciAi. I IAN us
BLIND BOYS LEARNING GARDENING
(2155)
138
WORK FOR THE BLIND 139
names of new cases of blindness, particulars of deaths, changes 1918
of address or occupation, children leaving school, etc.
Mr. Miles Priestley, Bradford, and Mr. W. H. Thurman,
Birmingham, were appointed the first two Inspectors of blind
welfare of the Ministry of Health.
(An account of Mr. Priestley's career* appeared in The
Beacon, October, 1926.)
PERIODICALS
The ink-print magazine, The Blind, ceased to exist, after
being a faithful chronicle of the work of the blind for twenty-
two years.
PONTYPRIDD, SOUTH WALES
Pontypridd and District Institution for the Blind started
work at Llano ver Road as a branch of the Swansea and South
Wales Institution for the Blind.
SWANSEA
A Hostel for Blind Men was opened at Carlton Terrace.
(In 1930 there were 14 blind residents.)
TUNBRIDGE WELLS
A Hostel for Blind Men employed in the workshop was
opened at 75 Calverley Road.
(In 1930 there were 6 blind residents.)
WILTSHIRE
The Wiltshire County Association for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 571 blind persons on the register.)
ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1920
The Blind Persons 'Act, 1920, will long be remembered,
as it made it the duty of the County Boroughs and County
Councils to provide for the welfare of the blind, and extended
the Old Age Pension to blind persons at fifty years of age in-
stead of seventy. It also made it illegal for any appeals to be
made for the blind excepting by a charity registered by its
local County or County Borough, and contained a defini-
tion of blindness narrower than the definition applied to the
140 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1920 children under the Education Acts. In addition it placed on
Local Education Authorities the duty of providing or other-
wise securing the technical education of capable blind persons.
This Act, with slight modifications, also applies to Scotland.
BATLEY, YORKSHIRE
Institution for the Blind of Dewsbury, Batley, and District
appointed two home visitors. A basket workshop was estab-
lished in Batley, with two pupils, and a register of blind persons
was compiled.
BEDFORDSHIRE
The Bedfordshire County Association and the Bedford and
District Society were both founded. In 1927 the work was
divided between the North Bedfordshire County Association
and the South Bedfordshire Society for the Welfare of the
Blind.
(In 1930 the former had 185 blind persons on its register, and
the latter 225, including n home workers.)
BOSTON ,
Boston Society was reorganized to include the town of
Holland (Lines.) and became the Boston and Holland Blind
Society.
(In 1930 there were 139 blind persons on the register.)
BRADFORD
Mr. W. H. Tate, J.P., was appointed Chairman of the Blind
Institution. (Since 1891 he had been a member of the com-
mittee, and the Hon. Choir Master of the Institution from
1880 onwards. He became a member. of the Advisory Com-
mittee of the Ministry of Health in 1921, and of the Council
of the National Institute for the Blind in 1927.)
BRIGHTON
Brighton Blind Relief and Visiting Society started a training
centre for basket-making, chair-caning, etc., (In 1921 there
were 13 workers ; in 1923 this training centre was closed.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 141
BRISTOL 1920
The Royal School of Industry undertook the work of agency
for the Blind Persons Act Committee, and started a Home
Industries Scheme in Bristol and adjacent counties.
The Home for Blind Women at Clifton was taken over by
the National Institute for the Blind.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
The Tyringham Club Blind Pension Fund was founded. It
provides a pension of 5 175. 6d. a week to one blind person
residing in north Buckinghamshire.
CARDIGANSHIRE, SOUTH WALES
The Cardiganshire Blind Association was founded.
(In 1930 there were 172 blind persons on the register.)
CENTRALIZATION OF COLLECTIONS
A Conference was held at the Clothworkers' Hall (Mr. H. J.
Wilson in the Chair), to consider the desirability of the cen-
tralization and unification of all collections made on behalf of
the blind.
CHELTENHAM
St. Dunstan's opened Suffolk Hall, Cheltenham (given by
Mr. W. A. Bankier) as a Hostel for blinded soldiers.
DEMONSTRATION
Two hundred blind men marched from Manchester to
London and held a demonstration in Trafalgar Square, calling
on the Government to take steps to improve the general con-
dition of the blind.
ESSEX
Essex County Association for the Blind was founded. (It
ceased its activities in 1922, was re-formed in 1924, and recon-
structed in 1928.) (See 1924.)
GRIMSBY, LINCOLNSHIRE
The Grimsby Society for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 120 blind persons on the register.)
142 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1920 GUERNSEY
The Guernsey Association for the Education and Welfare
of the Blind was founded. (In 1930 there was no institution
for the blind on the Island, but the Association provided
pensions of 12 each to eight blind persons, besides making
sundry grants, and paying for the education of several blind
persons in Schools and Workshops. Prevention of blindness
was not overlooked, 143 cases being dealt with under this head.)
IPSWICH
Ipswich and Suffolk Institution altered its title to the
Ipswich Society for the Blind.
KENT
The Kent County Association for the Blind was founded, for
the registration and general assistance of the blind in the
county of Kent.
(In 1930 there were 1,453 blind persons on the register.)
KESTEVEN, LINCOLNSHIRE
The Kesteven Blind Society was founded.
(In 1930 'there were 153 blind persons on the register.)
LEICESTER
The Leicester Institution was incorporated and became the
Leicester (Leicestershire and Rutland) Incorporated Institu-
tion for the Blind. Its activities included training, technical
education, employment, home teaching, supervision of home
workers, relief and registration.
LINCOLN, LINCOLNSHIRE
The Lincoln Blind Society was founded.
(In 1930 there were 93 blind persons on the register.)
The Lincolnshire Blind Association was dissolved.
LIVERPOOL
A Hostel was opened in Kelvin Grove for women working
at the Cornwallis Street Workshops.
(In 1930 there were 7 inmates.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 143
LONDON 1920
Barclay Workshops for Blind Women purchased the lease
and rebuilt the neighbouring premises, i Little Durweston
vStreet.
A Hostel for Men and Boys was started by the London
Association for the Blind, at Denmark Hill, S.E.
Massage Library started by the National Institute for the
Blind ; its first Librarian was Dr. J. Lloyd Johnstone, M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P. (a qualified blind masseur).
Mr. Ben Purse (blind), was appointed Head of the After-
care Department at the National Institute for the Blind. (An
account of his interesting career appeared in The Beacon,
August, 1925.)
The first Reading Competition was held at the National
Library for the Blind, for the prize founded by Mr. W. H.
Dixson, in memory of Miss Ethel Winifred Austin, the first
Librarian.
Turner House, a Hostel for Blind Women, was started by
the Church Army at St. George's Square, N.W.
(In 1930 there were 31 inmates.)
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
Royal Victoria School for the Blind purchased and equipped
Benwell Grange as a training centre for young women, at a
cost of about 12,000.
NOTTINGHAM
The Royal Midland Institution opened a Hostel in Chaucer
Street.
(In 1930, 36 blind youths resided there.)
OLDHAM
The Blind Women's Industries was taken over by the Home
Teaching Society.
RHONDDA, SOUTH WALES
The Rhondda Institution for the Blind was founded in
Pontrhondda Road, Llwynypia, S. Wales, the usual trades
being carried on in the workshops.
144 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1920 (In 1930, 27 men and 8 women were employed in the work-
shops, besides 7 men and 5 women under training.)
ST. LEONARDS-ON-SEA
Bannow, a beautiful house, standing in its own grounds, was
given by the Dickens Fellowship, and opened by St. Dunstan's
as a Hostel for Blinded Soldiers.
SUFFOLK
The West Suffolk Blind Association was dissolved.
SUNBEAM MISSION
The Sunbeam Mission was taken over by the Church Army,
with the exception of the blind branch; the management of
this branch was still retained by Miss Beatrice Taylor, the
foundress, under the name of "The Letter-Friend Society for
Blind Children " until 1926, when, owing to Miss Taylor's
leaving Norwood, the Society ceased to exist.)
WESTON-SUPER-MARE, SOMERSET
Weston-super-Mare Blind Society was founded.
(In 1930 this Society existed as a local committee only.)
1921 ACT OF PARLIAMENT
The whole of the Education Acts previously passed were
consolidated into a single statute. Since this date all references
to statute are made to the 1921 Act.
AMERICA
The American Foundation for the Blind was established
in New York City. It is a national organization whose purpose
is to collect information, to promote legislation, and to assist
in increasing the efficiency in work for the blind in all par-
ticulars.
BOLTON
A Home for the Blind was started by the Blind Institution
at Bolton.
(In 1930 there were 14 inmates.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 145
CAMBRIDGESHIRE 1921
Cambridge Society was re-organized and became the Cam-
bridgeshire Society for the Blind.
CARDIFF
The Cardiff Institution opened a Hostel f o? Blind Women, in
Howard Gardens.
(In 1930 there were 7 blind residents.)
CHESTER
Mr. and Mrs. G. Hayes presented Hoole Bank, Chester, to
the National Institute for the Blind, and it was opened as a
Home for blind persons, of gentle birth, in reduced circum-
stances. (See 1928.)
CHORLEY WOOD
The National Institute for the Blind opened a College for
the education of blind girls on public school lines, at the
Cedars, Chorley Wood, Hertfordshire, a beautiful mansion
presented by Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Batty. Miss Phyllis Monk,
M.A., was appointed Principal. (An account of her career
appeared in The Beacon, February, 1929. In 1930 the pupils
numbered thirty-eight.)
DARLINGTON
A workshop was opened, with six workers, at Wood's Yard,
Blackwellgate.
(Apparently ceased to exist before 1930.)
DOG GUIDES
An article appeared in the Swiss Messenger of the Blind
stating that dogs were being trained to lead the war-blinded
German soldiers, and that the German sheep dog, the Dober-
mann, and the Airedale terrier were particularly amenable
to training, bitches more so than dogs. (See The Beacon,
February, 1921.)
DUBLIN
The Rochfort Wade Hostel for Blind Women was opened in
Blackball Street, Queen Street.
(In 1930 there were 18 blind women in this Hostel.)
146 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1921 DUBLIN
The Irish Association for the Blind was founded by Mr. H.
J. P. Neary with an office at 35 North Great George's Street.
The Association has carried out much press propaganda
and distribution of leaflets, and publishes The Blind Citizen, a
quarterly magazint in Braille. The Association helps the blind
in other ways, which are necessarily of a limited character.
(No report or accounts are published.)
EASTBOURNE
The Eastbourne Society for the Social Welfare of the Blind
was reconstructed.
HALIFAX
Halifax Society for the Blind opened a workshop at Gibbet
Street.
(In 1930 the workshops were at Shircoat Moor Road, Savile
Park, Halifax, and a showroom at 13 Bull Green). (See 1887.)
HARROGATE, YORKSHIRE
Harrogate and District (including Ripon) Society for the
Blind was founded.
(In i93O*about 150 blind persons were benefited.)
HASTINGS
Hastings Voluntary Association was founded for the
registration and general assistance of the blind in the county
borough of Hastings.
(In 1930 there were 183 blind persons on the register.)
LEEDS
The Leeds Incorporated Institution for the Blind and the
Deaf and Dumb started a Home Workers' Scheme with 12
blind workers.
(In 1930 it had 29 blind home workers.)
LONDON
The London Association for the Blind moved from Rochester
Row and Churton Street to large new premises in Warwick
Street, Westminster. The Committee decided to name the
building Rosedale House, after the Rev. H. G. Rosedale,
D.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.I., their Hon. Treasurer, who had been
WORK FOR THE BLIND 147
chiefly responsible for the enormous development of the work. 1921
(An account of Dr. Rosedale's career appeared in The Beacon,
October, 1927.)
The Barclay Workshops started a Technical Training
Department.
The Greater London Fund for the Blind was started by the
National Institute for the Blind in conjunction with the work-
shops for the blind in London, for collecting money within a
radius of twenty miles of Charing Cross. The money was
administered by a joint committee. (In 1927 the County
and County Borough Associations were brought into the
scheme.)
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
started a Home Workers' Scheme for the counties of Middlesex,
Herts, Berks, Bucks, and London (north side of Thames).
(In 1930 there were 230 home workers on the register.)
The National Institute for the Blind started a Home-workers'
Scheme in the counties of Sussex, Surrey, Kent, Hampshire,
and London (south side of the Thames) with headquarters
first at Redhill, and afterwards at Reigate.
(In 1930 there were 260 home workers on the register.)
The National Union of the Professional and Industrial Blind
of Great Britain and Ireland was formed, with the object of
regulating the relationship between employer and employee,
protecting the interests of the blind, and giving greater facili-
ties for their employment. Mr. R. D. Smith was elected
President, and Mr. Ben Purse, Hon. Secretary (both blind).
The blind world suffered a great loss by the retirement of
Mr. Henry J. Wilson from the secretaryship of Gardner's
Trust, a post he had held since its foundation in 1882. He had
been responsible for numerous activities for the benefit of the
blind. (An account of his career appeared in The Beacon,
March, 1926.)
MALDON, ESSEX
The Middleton Holiday Home for the Blind was moved
from Southend-on-Sea to Maldon.
148 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1921 MANCHESTER
Manchester and Salford Blind Aid Society moved to better
premises in Tonman Street.
The name of Herishaw's Blind Asylum was changed to
Henshaw's Institution for the Blind.
Music
Selected Works of British Blind Composers was published in
ink-print by the National Institute for the Blind on the sug-
gestion of Sir Arthur Pearson.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
The Newcastle and Gateshead Home Teaching Society for
the Blind started a Home Workers' Scheme.
(In 1930 it had 24 home workers.)
NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
The Northamptonshire Association for the Blind was
founded.
(In 1930 there were 345 blind persons on the register of the
county and 132 on the register of Northampton County
Borough.)
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
The Nottinghamshire County Association for the Blind was
founded. (See 1927.)
PEARSON, SIR ARTHUR
Death of Sir Arthur Pearson, Bart, (born 1866), President
of the National Institute for the Blind and Chairman of St.
Dunstan's ; in 1917 he was in the first list of those receiving
the honour of Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire.
(See The Braille Review, October, 1915, and The Beacon,
January, 1922.)
PEMBROKESHIRE
The Pembrokeshire Blind Relief Society was reconstructed.
REGISTER OF THE BLIND
The Register of the Ministry of Health showed 34,894 blind
persons (or i per 1,082) in England and Wales, 4,528 blind
persons (or i per 1,078) in Scotland.
(2155)
SIR ARTHUR PEARSON, BART., G.B.E.
(1866-1921)
President of the National Institute for the Blind, Chairman of St. Dunstau's
Hostel for Blinded Soldiers and Sailors
148
WORK FOR THE BLIND 149
SHEFFIELD 1921
By command of His Majesty the King, the Sheffield Blind
Institution became the Royal Sheffield Institution for the
Blind.
SOUTHAMPTON
Southampton Association for the Blind was reconstructed.
SUSSEX
East Sussex County Association and West Sussex County
Association were founded for the registration and general
assistance of the blind within their areas.
(In 1930 the former had 381, and the latter 2j6 blind persons
on their respective registers.)
WEST HARTLEPOOL
A workshop was opened in Church Street. (See 1923.)
YORK
Thomas Jackson Trust was founded ; it provides pensions of
15 per annum to six blind women resident in Yorkshire.
ABERDARE, SOUTH WALES 1922
The Aberdare Blind Welfare Committee was established to
work in conjunction with Merthyr and Pontypridd. It became
an independent Committee in 1925.
(In 1930 there were 113 blind persons on its register.)
BERKSHIRE
The Berkshire County Blind Society was reconstructed,
with its head office at Reading, and sub-committees for
Newbury, Windsor, Maidenhead, and Wokingham.
BRIGHTON
Barclay Home and School moved its workshops to larger
premises at 31 Wellington Road.
BURY, LANCASHIRE
The Bury Society for the Blind was founded. (In 1930
there were 100 blind persons on the register.)
ii (2155)
15o CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1922 CARMARTHENSHIRE
Carmarthenshire Blind Relief Society was reconstructed.
HAMPSHIRE
The Hampshire Association for the Care of the Blind was
founded for the registration and general assistance' of the
blind in the county.
(In 1930 there were 553 blind persons on the register.)
HUNTINGDONSHIRE
The Huntingdonshire Society for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 104 blind persons on the register.)
LINDSEY, LINCOLNSHIRE
The Lindsey Society for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 262 blind persons on the register.)
LONDON
The Blind Employment Factory, Waterloo Road, S.E., was
enlarged to take 140 workers.
"Eyes to the Blind Society" amalgamated with the Barclay
Workshops.
The investments belonging to the Society became the
nucleus of the Eyes to the Blind Pension Fund which was then
established by the Barclay Workshops Committee.
(The annual income of the Fund in 1930 amounted to
171 los.)
Sir Robert Jones Bart., K.B.E., C.B., F.R.C.S., etc., was
elected President of the Association of Certificated Blind
Masseurs.
London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind and
West London Workshops amalgamated.
Mr. Godfrey F. Mowatt, J.P. (blind), was appointed
Treasurer of the National Institute for the Blind, Chairman
of its Standing Committee, and a member of the Central
Council for the London Blind. (An account of his career
appeared in The Beacon, February, 1925.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 151
St. Dunstan's decided to separate from the National Insti- 1922
tute for the Blind and carry on, independently, its work for
soldiers and sailors blinded in the War.
LUTON, BEDFORDSHIRE
The Luton and District Committee started a workshop and
training centre at Williamson Street, Luton.
(In 1930 this workshop, belonging to the then South
Bedfordshire Society for the Welfare of the Blind, had n
blind workers.)
MIDDLESEX
The Middlesex Association for the Blind was formed, but
not fully established till 1924.
(In 1930 there were 1,371 blind persons on the register.)
Music
After many years of unremitting research and exhaustive
experiment, the National Institute for the Blind announced
that the music notation system had been perfected, and that it
was possible to transcribe any music, however complicated,
into Braille.
NORWICH
Norwich Asylum and School changed its name to the
Norwich Institution for the Blind.
PERIODICALS
The Horizon, a monthly magazine in Braille type, on matters
affecting the life and labour of sightless workers, was published
by the National League of the Blind of England.
The first weekly newspaper in Moon type, The Moon, was
produced by the Moon Society, Brighton.
PORTSMOUTH
The Portsmouth Voluntary Association for the Blind was
founded.
(In 1930 there were 500 blind persons on the register.)
152 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1922 ST. HELENS
St. Helens and District Blind Society opened small work-
shops.
(In 1930, 1 6 blind persons were employed in the work-
shops.)
SHROPSHIRE
The Shropshire Association for the Blind was founded, and
took over the work of the Home Teaching Society, founded in
1908.
(In 1930 there were 316 blind persons on the register of the
Association.)
SOUTHEND-ON-SEA
Southend-on-Sea Voluntary Care Committee was formed for
the registration and general assistance of the blind in the
county borough of Southend.
(In 1930 there were 136 blind persons on the register.)
SOUTH SHIELDS, DURHAM
South Shields Institution for the Blind, 11-17 Keppel
Street, was founded.
(In 1930 there were 220 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 12 employed in the workshops and 8 trainees.)
SURREY
The Surrey Voluntary Blind Association was founded for
the registration and general assistance of the blind in the
county.
(In 1930 there were 717 blind persons on the register.)
TYNEMOUTH
Tynemouth Social Committee for the Blind was formed by
Mr. M. Pearey, whose son was blinded in the Great War. (See
1924.)
1923 BARROW-IN-FURNESS, LANCASHIRE
Barrow and District Society for the Blind, Duke Street, was
founded, for the care of the blind in North Lancashire and the
south part of the counties of Cumberland and Westmorland,
although some organized work had been carried on since 1906.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 153
(In 1930 there were 273 blind persons on the register, in- 1923
eluding 17 home workers and 15 otherwise employed.)
BOURNEMOUTH
The Bournemouth and District Blind Aid Society was
reorganized, and became the Bournemouth Blind Aid Society.
BRIGHTON
The Brighton Blind Relief and Visiting Society changed its
name to the Brighton Society for the Welfare of the Blind, and
closed its training centre.
CENTRALIZATION OF COLLECTIONS
Mr. P. M. Evans, Chairman of the Union of Counties
Associations for the Blind, together with a number of prom-
inent workers among the blind, drew up a scheme whereby
there would be a new agency for collecting money for the
whole of the blind Institutions and Societies in England and
Wales. An agreed sum would be set aside for national pur-
poses, and each county area would have to supply its quota
for the "National Share" in proportion to the population of
that area; the remaining portion, probably 70 per cent to
80 per cent, would be distributed amongst local institutions and
societies.
The scheme, after many meetings and much discussion, was
abandoned. (See 1926.)
CHELTENHAM
The Cheltenham and Gloucestershire Society for the Blind
changed its name to the Cheltenham Workshops for the Blind.
CROYDON
The Croydon Voluntary Association for the Blind was
formed started as a separate body in 1925.
(In 1930 there were 319 blind persons on the register.)
EAST HAM, ESSEX
East Ham Welfare Association for the Blind was formed for
the registration and general assistance of the blind in the
County Borough of East Ham.
(In 1930 there were 172 blind persons on the register.)
154 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1923 EDINBURGH
The Royal Blind Asylum built additional classrooms for
technical training, at a cost of 3,500.
GLAMORGAN, SOUTH WALES
The Glamorgan Blind Association was founded.
(In 1930 there were 1,400 blind persons on the register.)
ISLE OF ELY, CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Isle of Ely Society for the Blind was founded.
(In 1930 there were 66 blind persons on the register.)
LEEDS
Leeds City Council purchased Chapeltown Barracks Estate
for purposes connected with the welfare of the blind.
LEICESTER
Leicester Institution opened additional premises, Mr.
Arthur Wakerley having given an acre of land on which to
build.
LONDON
Barclay Workshops for Blind Women purchased the lease
of the neighbouring premises, No. 20 Crawford Street, and all
the "Eyes to the Blind " workers moved there and ceased to
work under the latter name.
The Ex-Service Men's Fund was started by Captain E. B. B.
Towse, V.C., under the auspices of the National Institute for
the Blind, for the training and after-care of men who are
blind or may become blind on returning to civilian life after
discharge from H. M. Forces, and for the blind dependants of
serving and ex-Service men. The Board of Admiralty, the
Army Council, and the Air Council, and many units of H.M.
Forces have given this fund their support. (This Fund is only
for men ineligible for help from St. Dunstans.)
Death of Mrs. Hepburn Starey, aged eighty-two, founder of
the Society named after her; for over fifty years she was its
Hon. Secretary.
Captain E. B. B. Towse, V.C., C.B.E., was appointed
Chairman of the National Institute for the Blind in place of
Sir Washington Ranger, D.C.L., M.A., resigned.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 155
(An account of Captain Towse's career appeared in The 1923
Beacon, July, 1924.)
Mr. H. Michael Whitfield, B.A. (Lond.), C.S.M.M.G. (blind),
elected Chairman of the Council of the Association of Certifi-
cated Blind Masseurs.
MALDON
On the death of Miss Gallagher, the Indigent Blind Visiting
Society took over the Middleton Holiday Home for the Blind,
a combined permanent home for blind women and Holiday
Home for blind men and women.
(In 1930 there was accommodation for forty-three blind
persons.)
MERTHYR TYDFIL, SOUTH WALES
The Merthyr Tydfil Institution for the Blind was founded ;
men were employed in basket-making and mat-making at the
workshops in New Road, Dowlais, South Wales.
(In 1930 there were 210 blind persons on the register, and
3 home teachers were employed.)
NATIONAL UNION OF THE PROFESSIONAL AND INDUSTRIAL
BLIND
Mr. W. H. Dixson was elected President of the National Union
of the Professional and Industrial Blind. (In 1899 he had
been appointed lecturer in Political Science at Ruskin Hall.)
OLDHAM
Oldham Home Teaching Society's area was extended to
include the districts of Middleton, Chadderton, Bardsley, Lees,
and Shaw ; there were 269 blind on the register, and a third
home teacher was appointed.
*
PEARSON, SIR ARTHUR (THE LATE)
The Arthur Pearson Memorial Fund, inaugurated in 1921,
was closed, after raising 28,738 (net). Two and a half per cent
was given to Pearson's Fresh Air Fund, and of the balance one-
third to the National Institute for the Blind, one-third to
St. Dunstan's, and the remainder to other charities for the
blind in Great Britain and the Colonies.
156 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1923 PERIODICALS
The Tribune, a monthly magazine in Braille, was published
by the National Union of Professional and Industrial Blind of
Great Britain and Ireland (Editor, Mr. Ben Purse). The
object of the magazine was to improve the social and industrial
conditions of the blind.
n
PRESTON
Preston Institution opened the Roper Hostel for the Blind, at
Fulwood, designed to accommodate twelve blind men and
twelve blind women.
(In 1930 the Hostel was occupied by ten men and nine
women.)
ST. JOHN'S GUILD
St. John's Guild for the Blind was founded by the Rev. C.
F. Waudby, "to bring the light and fellowship of the Catholic
Faith into the lives of the blind."
(In 1930 devotional books were sent out from its library,
a Braille magazine was published, and besides the London
branch, there were branches at Birmingham, Bristol, York-
shire, Leigh-on-Sea, Bournemouth, Sunderland, Nottingham,
St. Albans,, Watford, and Wednesbury, and a Guest House for
blind ladies was being maintained at St. Albans.)
SOUTHPORT
The National Institute for the Blind opened its second
Sunshine Home for Blind Babies, at Southport, Lanes.
SOUTH SHIELDS
South Shields Institution opened a workshop in Keppel
Street.
SUFFOLK
East Suffolk Association and Ipswich Society amalgamated.
WARRINGTON, LANCASHIRE
The Warrington, Widnes, and District Society for the Blind
was established, with workshops at Museum Street,Warrington.
(In 1930, 15 blind persons were employed in the workshops;
18 were being trained ; there were 281 on the register, and 3
home teachers.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 157
WEST HAM 1923
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
opened a branch workshop at Pelly Road.
(In 1930 it employed 24 blind workers.)
WEST HARTLEPOOL
The Hartlepools Workshops for the Blind opened new
workshops in Avenue Road, West Hartlepool, built at a cost
of about 3,000.
(In 1929 there were 82 blind persons on the register, 16 of
whom were employed in the workshops and 4 under training ;
there was one blind home teacher.)
BARROW-IN-FURNESS 1924
Barrow and District Society for the Blind undertook the
Home Teaching services for the blind south of the river Esk,
thus allowing the Cumberland Institution, Carlisle, to improve
its services for the blind in its reduced area.
BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE
Sunniholm, a Home and Hostel for Blind Women, was
opened at Boston. (In 1930 there were 7 permanent and 7
temporary residents.)
BRADFORD
Bradford Institution erected magnificent new premises for
men's workshops at Frizinghall, at a cost of 45,000, and also
commenced a Home Workers' Scheme.
CROYDON
The Lansdowne Social Club, 23 Wellesley Road, was
founded by the Croydon Voluntary Association for the Blind,
with the object of providing a meeting-place and suitable
recreation for the blind.
DARLINGTON
The Darlington Society for the Blind was founded, super-
seding the Society established in 1908.
(In 1930 there were 124 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 5 home workers, and 8 otherwise employed.)
158 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1924 ESSEX
The Essex Voluntary Association for the Blind was started
again for the registration and general assistance of the blind
in the county of Essex.
(In 1930 there were 1,061 blind persons on the register.)
(See 1928.)
IPSWICH
A Workshop for the Blind was opened by the Ipswich Blind
Society.
(In 1930, five blind persons were employed at the workshops,
and 4 at home.)
LEAMINGTON, WARWICKSHIRE
The National Institute for the Blind opened its third
Sunshine Home for Blind Babies, at Leamington.
LONDON
The London Association for the Blind started the manu-
facture of stair-rods and knitting-needles as an industry for the
blind.
(In 1930, ii blind men were employed making knitting-
needles, 9 as paid workers, and 2 as pupils. The manufacture
of stair-rods had been discontinued.)
MANCHESTER
Manchester and Salford Blind Aid Society opened an
additional house in Eccles Old Road, Pendleton, to accommo-
date twenty blind women.
MAT-MAKING
Messrs. E. M. Downs & Son, Glemsford, produced a new
form of mat loom specially useful for blind home workers.
MERIVALE, Miss JUDITH
Miss J. A. Merivale was appointed Chairman of the Midland
Counties Association for the Blind ; she was the Association's
first Hon. Secretary in 1908.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 159
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE 1924
The Newcastle and Gateshead Home Teaching Society
opened a shop for home workers' goods in Pilgrim Street.
NORTH SHIELDS
The Northern Counties Blind Society, 4-16 Howard Street,
North Shields, ceased to exist after over fifty years' work,
the whole time under the management of Mr. H. von
Niederhausern.
STOURBRIDGE
Stourbridge Institution opened a retail shop in Market
Street.
STRATFORD, ESSEX
The London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind
opened a branch workshop in Naples Street.
(In 1930 it employed 15 blind persons.)
TYNEMOUTH
Tynemouth Social Committee for the Blind and the Northern
Counties Blind Society, together with the Borough of Tyne-
mouth Blind Persons Act Committee, formed a n$w Society,
known as the Tynemouth Blind Welfare Society and Northern
Counties Library, Howard Street, North Shields.
(In 1930 there were 90 blind persons on the register, in-
cluding 14 employed in the workshops and 4 trainees. The
monthly magazine Dawn was being published, and the Free
Lending Library contained 7,000 volumes for some 220 readers
in Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, and the North
Riding of Yorkshire.)
WAKEFIELD.
The Child Memorial Home for the Blind, Sunny Lawns
House, Sandy Walk, was founded by Miss Elizabeth Child,
who gave the Home in memory of her brother, Thomas
Child. The Home was opened two years later.
(In 1930 there were 20 inmates, n men and 9 women.)
BLACKPOOL, LANCASHIRE 1925
Blackpool and Fylde Society for the Blind was formed.
(In 1930 there were 275 blind persons on the register.)
160 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1925 BRISTOL
Bristol Institution started a Social Club for the unemploy-
able blind of both sexes.
(In 1930 there was a daily average attendance of seventy-
five to eighty persons.)
CARLISLE
Cumberland and Westmorland Home and Workshops for
the Blind started a Home Workers' Scheme.
(In 1930 it had 10 home workers.)
CROYDON
Croydon Voluntary Association for the Blind, formed in
1923, started registration and general assistance of the blind
within the county borough of Croydon.
DOG GUIDES
Extract from the Westminster Gazette
With characteristic thoroughness the Germans are now granting
"degrees" to dogs that have qualified as blind men's leaders.
The central training school for these animals, all of which are
Alsatians, is at Potsdam.
LIVERPOOL
The Catholic Blind Asylum added a further twenty-five
acres to St. Vincent's School, West Derby.
LONDON
Barclay Workshops purchased the lease of 19 Crawford
Street and entirely rebuilt this property shortly afterwards.
London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind opened
a factory for Women's Industries at Belsize Crescent, Hamp-
stead, and a Hostel for senior blind pupils at Belsize Park
Gardens.
Mr. H. C. Preece (blind), elected President of the National
Union of the Professional and Industrial Blind. (An account
of his career appeared in The Beacon, May, 1926.)
The blind suffered a great loss in the death of Henry
Stainsby (born 1859), Secretary-General of the National
Institute for the Blind, and a great benefactor to the blind
X ^
O ^
S 5;
< <*
WORK FOR THE BLIND 161
through his invention of apparatus, and great knowledge of 1925
the requirements of the blind.
(An account of his very busy life appeared in The Beacon,
February, 1926.)
MIDDLESBROUGH
Cleveland and South Durham Institute lor the Blind built
new workshops, providing accommodation for 100 workers
and twenty trainees, at Middlesbrough, at a cost of 12,000,
including land and equipment.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
Miss Winifred Bramhall was appointed Inspector on the
Blind Department Staff of the Ministry of Health, and gave up
her post of Secretary of the Northern Counties Association,
and her membership of the Ministry of Health Advisory
Committee.
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE
Royal Victoria School purchased and equipped Benwell
Cottage at a cost of about 12,000, as a hostel and training
centre for young men, and others, who had lost their sight late
in life. .,
PERIODICALS
The Seeker, a quarterly magazine in Braille, devoted to
Christian mysticism and comparative religion, was started
by the Margaret Dudley Braille Lodge of the Theosophical
Society.
READING, BERKSHIRE
Owing to the death of Miss Burnett, Mr. Hugh Walford
decided to discontinue the Reading Blind Aid Society. The
Reading Association for the Welfare of the Blind was then
formed.
(In 1930 there were 158 blind persons on the register.)
REIGATE, SURREY
The Braille and Servers of the Blind League opened the
Ellen Terry National Home for Blind Mentally Defective
Children, at Reigate, named after their first President.
(In 1930 the Home was full, with 18 blind children.)
162 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1925 ST. LEONARDS-ON-SEA
The National Institute for the Blind opened a Convalescent
and Holiday Home, Bannow, at Quarry Hill, with accommoda-
tion for fifty men and women. (This building was previously
used by St. Dunstan's.)
1926 ACT OF PARLIAMENT
Wireless licences were granted free of charge to blind
persons.
BURNLEY
The Burnley and District Society for the Blind received a
bequest of 2,385 from the late Thomas Clayton, and opened
the Thomas Clayton Memorial Workshops for the Blind, which
they handed over to the Burnley Corporation.
CENTRALIZATION OF COLLECTIONS
A scheme for the centralization of collections, drawn up by
Mr. G. H. Roberts, Chairman of the Advisory Committee of the
Ministry of Health, Dr. P. M. Evans, and Sir Michael O'Dwyer,
Vice-Chairman of the National Institute for the Blind, and
approved by the Advisory Committee, was agreed to by the
National Institute.
The scheme provided for enlarging the Council of the
National Institute by electing additional representatives of
local agencies throughout the country, and provided that
agreements, where possible, be entered into in each area,
deciding in each case whether the local society or the National
Institute should be the collecting agent; the money thus
collected to be distributed in agreed proportions.
See the Sixth Report of the Ministry of Health Advisory
Committee, Pars. 50 and 51.
(In 1930 the number of local societies that had entered into
agreements on the above lines was 89.)
CORNWALL
The Cornwall Home Teaching Society, now seventy years
old, became the Cornwall County Association for the Blind.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 163
DOG GUIDES 1926
Mrs. D. Harrison Eustis started a school at Vevey in
Switzerland for training dogs to lead blind men.
(See The Beacon, September, 1929.)
LEATHERHEAD
Death of the Rev. James Wm. St. Clare Hill, F.R.A.S.,
F.C.T.B., for thirty-four years Principal of the Royal School
for the Blind, Leatherhead. (An account of his life appeared
in The Beacon, July, 1926.)
The Rev. E. H. Griffiths, R.N., was appointed as his
successor.
LONDON
The Charity Commissioners prepared a scheme, handing
over the administration of the National Blind Relief Society to
the Metropolitan and Adjacent Counties Association for the
Blind. The income at this date was about 150 from endow-
ment, and 800 from subscriptions and donations.
(In 1930 the income from endowments had increased to
over 1,000, subscriptions and donations amounted to about
500, while the number of pensioners was 130.)
Sir Alexander Diack, K.C.I.E., C.V.O., C.B.E., was ap-
pointed Secretary-General of the National Institute for the
Blind. (See The Beacon, July, 1928, August, 1929.)
The National Library for the Blind bought adjoining pre-
mises in Great Smith Street, and carried out a big extension.
The Henry Stainsby Memorial Gift Fund for the Blind,
administered by the National Institute for the Blind, was
founded. The income, about 63, provides gifts to pupils of
recognized Institutions and Colleges for the blind on comple-
tion of their training. The gifts take the form of Braille
writers, watches, ancl other useful appliances, suitably
inscribed.
MARKS TEY, ESSEX
The London Association for the Blind started tile-making
and brick-making at Marks Tey, as an industry for the blind.
(In 1930 two blind men were employed making tiles at
Marks Tey and two in brickfields at Dorking.)
164 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY 'OF
1926 MINISTRY OF HEALTH
The Ministry of Health issued revised regulations regarding
the definition of blindness. (Circular No. 68 1.)
Mr. E. D. Macgregor relinquished his post as head of the
Blind Department at the Ministry of Health. He was the
first person to fill that post, and was previously secretary to the
Local Government Board Advisory Committee on the Welfare
of the Blind. In both positions he did invaluable work.
Mr. F. R. Lovett was appointed to succeed him.
Mr. W. H. Bennett was appointed an Inspector in the Blind
Department of the Ministry of Health, in place of Mr. M.
Priestley, who succeeded Mr. Bennett as Secretary and
Manager of the Royal Institution, Nottingham.
NEWPORT
Newport and Monmouthshire Blind Aid Society moved its
workshops to the present address, 199 Chepstow Road, New-
port. The Swinnerton Memorial Home was opened in the
same building, and named after the former President and
Treasurer, the Rev. James Swinnerton.
NORTHAMPTON
Northampton and Northamptonshire Associations amal-
gamated, forming the Northamptonshire (Town and County)
Association for the Blind.
NOTTINGHAM
The Royal Midland Institution opened another Hostel.
(In 1930, 20 blind men resided there.)
POSTAGE RATE
A reduction was made in postage rates for embossed litera-
ture, making it possible to send 2 Ib. (instead of i Ib.) for |d.,
etc. This was of great value for the furtherance of literary
study in schools for the blind, and very greatly increased the
value of the National Library.
SOUTH SHIELDS
South Shields Institution acquired adjoining property and
extended their workshops for mats, baskets, ships' fenders,
bedding, etc., with suitable sale-shop and offices.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 165
BEDFORDSHIRE 1927
The Bedfordshire and District Blind Society was reorganized
and named the North Bedfordshire Blind Society.
The Luton and District Committee became the South
Bedfordshire Blind Society.
BRIGHTON
Death of the Hon. Mrs. Campion, founder and for twenty-
five years Chairman of the Barclay Home for Blind Girls,
Brighton. (An account of her life appeared in The Beacon,
February, 1928.)
CHELTENHAM
The Cheltenham Workshops for the Blind were taken over
by the Gloucestershire County Association for the Blind, a
body appointed by the County Council.
LEEDS
Leeds Blind Persons Act Committee assumed financial
responsibility for the relief of all necessitous blind persons, but
continued to work in conjunction with the Blind Institution.
Leeds Blind Institution opened a Technical Trailing School
for sixty blind students.
LONDON
The Association for the General Welfare of the Blind opened
large additional workshops off the Euston Road, to accom-
modate about 100 workers and pupils.
The Braille and Servers of the Blind League separated the
Braille portion of its work, and altered its name to the
Servers of the Blind League.
Death of Sir R. Ellis Cunliffe, M.A., Chairman of the London
Society for Teaching and Training the Blind and for nearly
forty years a leader of voluntary work amongst the blind.
(An account of his life appeared in The Beacon, February,
1927.)
The Greater London Fund extended the scope of its work
and was registered as a separate charity, administered by
representatives of the National Institute for the Blind,
12 (2155)
166 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1927 National Library, the London workshops, and county and
county borough associations within twenty miles of Charing
Cross.
The Harry Weedon Memorial Fund was inaugurated by the
Greater London Fund for the Blind in compliance with the
wishes of the Printing and Kindred Trades Blind Aid Com-
mittee, to perpetuate the memory of Mr. Harry Weedon, its
late Secretary, who was to a large extent the founder of the
Blind Aid Committee. The purpose of the fund is the relief
of blind printers and other persons reported from time to
time by the Blind Aid Committee to the administrators of
the Greater London Fund. The Committee has been a generous
supporter of the Greater London Fund since 1922.
The National Institute for the Blind opened a Hostel for
seven blind women at 8 Oval Road, N.W.
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Institution carried out large extensions to their
premises, Hayesleigh.
Music t
A complete exposition of modern Braille Music Notation
(1922 revision) entitled Key to the Braille Music Notation,
1922, was published in Braille by the National Institute for
the Blind, and in ink-print by Messrs. Novello & Co.
NEWCASTLE- UPON-TYNE
Royal Victoria School added a wing at a cost of about
8,000, increasing the dormitory accommodation by 28 beds
to a total of 145 ; play hall, reading room, etc., were also pro-
vided.
NORTHAMPTON
Northampton Association Workshops were greatly enlarged.
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
Nottinghamshire County Association was dissolved, and the
work taken over by the Royal Midland Institution,Nottingham.
1
ill
WORK FOR THE BLIND 167
PERIODICALS 1927
The Braille Radio Times, the first wireless journal in the
world for the blind, published weekly, was produced by the
National Institute for the Blind.
PONTYPRIDD
Pontypridd and District Institution for the Blind was
recognized by the Ministry of Health as a separate and inde-
pendent body.
(In 1930 there were 165 blind persons on the register; 31
were employed in the workshops, 3 were otherwise employed,
and there were 19 trainees.)
REGISTRATION
A uniform system of registration was adopted throughout
England and Wales to determine the " actual " and "ordinary "
residence of blind persons for registration purposes.
SHEFFIELD
Sheffield Corporation took over the workshop, sale-shop,
home visiting, and the care of the unemployable blind. The
work of the Sheffield Institution has since then been confined
to the school, to social welfare work, and the Overend Cottage
Homes, Selborne Road.
SWANSEA
Swansea Institution opened a Hostel and Workshop for
blind women at Pentrcpoeth Road, Morriston, Swansea.
(In 1930 the Hostel had 17 blind residents.)
TAYLOR, H. MARTYN '
Death of Henry Martyn Taylor, J.P., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S.,
F.C.T.B. (born 1842), the blind man who founded the Embossed
Scientific Books Fund. He was an important member of the
Braille Committee, invented useful apparatus for the education
of the blind, and was a member of the Council of the British
and Foreign Blind Association. (An account of his life ap-
peared in The Beacon, July, 1927.)
168 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY 'OF
1927 TOWSE, SIR BEACHCROFT
Captain E. B. B. Towse, V.C., C.B.E., was made a K.C.V.O.
by H.M the King in recognition of his valuable services to the
blind and to ex-service men.
1928 ADVISORY COMMITTEE
The Rt, Hon. Lord Blanesburgh, G.B.E>, was appointed
Chairman of the Advisory Committee on the Welfare of the
Blind, in place of the Rt. Hon. G. H. Roberts, deceased.
BRECONSHIRE, SOUTH WALES
The Breconshire Association for the Blind, established a few
years previously, ceased to exist.
(In 1930 there were 91 blind persons on the register
being looked after by the South Wales and Monmouthshire
Counties Association for the Blind.)
BRIGHTON
The Barclay Home for Blind Girls purchased the freehold
property, 22 East Street, and opened a showroom there.
CHESTER
The National Institute for the Blind closed its Home for the
Blind at Hoole Bank, Chester, and moved the male inmates
to its Home at St. Leonards and the females to a new Home at
Leamington, which was presented to the Institute by Mr.
J. G. Wilson of Durham.
(In 1930 the future use of Hoole Bank was still undecided.)
CHORLEY WOOD
The Sunshine Home for Blind Babies, Chorley Wood, was
burnt down on 3oth September. As a result of an appeal by
Sir Beachcroft Towse in the Press, Court Grange, Abbots-
kerswell, a beautiful house in S. Devon, was promptly given
to the National Institute for the Blind by the Rev. A. T.
Dence. On 25th October the babies were moved there.
(In December, 1930, the babies were moved to Sunshine
Home, East Grinstead, and the future use of the Abbots-
kerswell House was undecided.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 169
ESSEX 1928
The Essex Voluntary Association was re-formed and
became the Essex County Association for the Blind.
GLASGOW
The Scottish National Institution for Blinded Sailors and
Soldiers, Edinburgh, opened a branch workshop at 2 Queen's
Street, Glasgow.
(In 1930, 20 blind ex-service men were employed there.)
LEEDS
Large new buildings were provided by the City Council in
Roundhay Road to accommodate 200 blind men and women
workers and 60 trainees. The cost of the whole scheme,
including site, buildings, and equipment was 45,000.
LONDON
Captain Sir Beachcroft Towse, V.C., K.C.V.O., C.B.E.,
broadcast an appeal from the B.B.C. Wireless Studio, on
behalf of the Greater London Fund for the Blind, resulting in
donations amounting to 3,143.
Mr. W. McG. Eagar was appointed Secretary-General of the
National Institute for the Blind in place of Sir Alexander
Diack, who resigned through ill-health. (An account of Mr.
Eagar 's career appeared in The Beacon, June, 1928.)
The Macgregor Prize Fund, of which the Clothworkers'
Company are the Trustees, was founded. It provides an
annual prize of 4 45. to a blind or sighted home-teacher on the
result of a competitive examination.
The National Institute for the Blind opened a Hostel at
9 Oval Road, N.W., for twelve blind women.
Death of Rev. H. G. Rosedale, M.A., D.D., F.S.A., F.R.S.L.,
age sixty-five ; he was largely responsible for the great growth
of the London Association for the Blind and for many of its
activities. Captain G. Pollard, O.B.E., the Secretary of the
Association, who for some years past had been jointly respon-
sible with Dr. Rosedale for planning many of the improv^-
ments, continued to carry on the work.
170 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1928 LOWE, ARTHUR L.
Death of Mr. A. L. Lowe, M.A., LL.B., C.B.E., F.C.T.B.
(age sixty-six), for many years chairman of the Birmingham
Institution and the Midland Counties Association for the
Blind and a member of the Central Advisory Committee on
the Welfare of tl} Blind. (An account of his life appeared
in The Beacon, September, 1924.)
PONTYPRIDD
Pontypridd and District Institution for the Blind acquired
new premises, Holly House, Merthyr Road, thanks to a grant
of 2,500 from the Miners' Welfare Fund.
REIGATE
The National Institute for the Blind moved the head-
quarters of its Home Industries Department from Redhill
to Reigate and opened a showroom there.
RITCHIE, DR. J. M.
Edinburgh University conferred the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy upon Mr. J. M. Ritchie, M.A., F.C.T.B., Secretary
of the London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind, for
his thesis The History of the Education of the Blind.
ST. ALBANS, HERTFORDSHIRE
St. John's Guild for the Blind took over the management of
St. Raphael's Guest House for Blind Ladies, at Blenheim Road,
St. Albans, at the request of the Foundress, Sister Mary
Elizabeth, S.S.J.D.
(In 1930 it had six permanent blind residents, and beds
were kept for temporary guests, of whom there were twenty-
six during the year.)
TYNEMOUTH
Tynemouth Welfare Society rebuilt its workshops.
WEST HAM, ESSEX
West Ham Association for the Blind was founded for the
registration and general assistance of the blind in the county
borough of West Ham.
(In 1930 there were 389 blind persons on the register.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 171
ACT OF PARLIAMENT 1929
The Local Government Act, 1929, effected changes in the
Welfare of the Blind Grant System, whereby voluntary
agencies, after ist April, 1930, should receive from the County
or County Borough Councils the financial assistance hitherto
received direct from the Ministry of Health
The Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, made similar
provisions, but for the purpose of the Blind Persons Act, the
County of Kinross was combined with the County of Perth,
and the County of Nairn with the County of Moray.
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham Institution for the Blind opened a Home for
blind women at Gravelly Hill, North Erdington, named
Cowley Home, in memory of its late General Superintendent
and Secretary, Mr. R. G. Cowley.
(In 1930 there were 17 blind residents.)
CONGRESS
An International Congress in Vienna was organized by Dr.
C. Strehl of Marburg-Lahn, attended by representatives of
Institutions and Societies for the blind from abcjut twenty
nations.
EDINBURGH
The Royal Blind Asylum opened the Thomas Burns Home
for Blind Women, to accommodate forty inmates, at Alfred
Place, May field Terrace.
(In 1930 it had 39 blind inmates.)
EFFINGHAM, SURREY
The Royal School for the Blind, Leatherhead, opened a
Home for blind womtfn at Effingham. (In 1930 it had 47
blind inmates.)
GLAMORGAN
Glamorgan County Council Institution for the Blind was
founded.
(In 1930 there were 90 blind pupils 82 elementary and
eight technical ; two Hostels were planned lor the near future.)
172 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1929 LEAGUE OF NATIONS REPORT
A Report on the Welfare of the Blind in various countries
was compiled by the Health Section of the League of Nations ;
Mr. F. R. Lovett of the Ministry of Health, London, and Mr.
G. Hawley of the Department of Health for Scotland were
responsible for th<^ major part of this work.
LONDON
The Association of Workshops for the Blind was formed
to promote the co-operation of the workshops throughout the
country and to help in joint marketing, etc. Dr. J. M. Ritchie,
M.A., was appointed its first Chairman, and Captain H.
Willans, D.S.O., M.C. (Secretary of the Association for the
General Welfare of the Blind, London), its Hon. Secretary.
The Metropolitan Society for the Blind was registered as a
separate Society, but remained affiliated with the Metropolitan
and Adjacent Counties Association for the Blind.
(In 1930 there were 6,268 blind persons on the register in
the County of London, and 15 in the City of London.)
The Workshop for the Blind of Kent opened an additional
workshop e in London Road, Greenwich, to accommodate
twenty workers.
MANCHESTER
Henshaw's Institution started furniture-making as an
additional industry for its blind workers.
MERTHYR TYDFIL
The Merthyr Tydfil Institution started a Machine Knitting
Department and Salesroom at 33 High Street.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
The Ministry of Health decided to recognize, for grant-
earning purposes, a five-day week in Workshops for the blind,
the Barclay Workshops, London, having found, after over a
year's trial, that the output of work was greater, and the
health of the workers better, as a result of the Saturday's
complete rest.
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A SKLKCTION OK EMBOSSED PEMIOPICALS
(2155)
WORK FOR THE BLIND
173
Music
Monsieur Raverat arranged an International Congress in
Paris to endeavour to secure international uniformity of
practice as regards the meaning and use of the actual notation
symbols used in Braille music. Mr. P. T. Mayhew (blind)
and Mr. Edward Watson represented Gre^t Britain. As a
result of the Congress, uniformity was established in fourteen
countries in Europe and North and South America.
PERIODICALS
The American Foundation for the Blind, New York, pub-
lished a list of 152 periodicals, produced in different countries
Chinese Braille . . i
English Braille, Grade i J 26
English Braille, Grade 2 25
English Moon Type . 4
English New York Point 7
English Ink-print 20
Esperanto Braille 2
Finnish Braille . i
Finnish Ink-print i
French Braille . 13
French Ink-print 3
German Braille . 28
German Ink-print jo
Italian Braille . >. 3
Japanese Braille and Ink-print i
Mexican Ink-print i
Norwegian Braille 2
Norwegian Ink-print i
Polish Braille . i
Rumanian Braille i
Yugoslav Braille i
Santa Lucia, the Braille Magazine started in 1889, was
discontinued owing to the death of Miss Hodgkin, one of the
Editors.
The Teacher's Forum, a bi-monthly periodical in ink-print
and Braille, was first published by the American Foundation
for the Blind.
PLYMOUTH
The Devonport and Western Counties Association for
Promoting the General Welfare of the Blind moved its Home
from Manor Lodge, Devonport, to Torr, Plymouth, a large
detached house standing in its own grounds, with accommo-
dation for seventy inmates.
1929
174 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1929 RHONDDA
The Rhondda Institution started coalbag-making and chair-
upholstering as additional industries for their blind.
ST. HELENS
St. Helens Society opened new premises built at a cost of
4,500, and comprising commodious workshops, sale-shop,
offices, and a large social centre.
SUFFOLK
The East Suffolk Society and Ipswich Society were re-
organized as separate bodies.
(In 1930 there were 373 blind persons on the East Suffolk
register and 127 on the Ipswich register.)
WESTCLIFF-ON-SEA, ESSEX
North London Homes for the Blind moved their seaside
branch from Southend to Westcliff Crowstone Plome for
the Blind, Chalkwell Esplanade. The new Home was designed
to accommodate forty inmates. (In 1930 there were 28
inmates).
WIGAN
Wigan opened new workshops to accommodate forty persons.
The name of the Institution was changed to Wigan, Leigh and
District Workshops for the Blind.
WIRELESS SETS
"British Wireless for the Blind Fund" was established, with
the object of providing, as far as practicable, a wireless set
for every blind person in the United Kingdom and Northern
Ireland; President, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Hon.
Treasurer, the Rt. Hon. Reginald McKenna; Chairman, Sir
Beachcroft Towse ; Vice-Chairman, Captain Ian Fraser.
An appeal was broadcast, from all stations of the British
Broadcasting Company, on Christmas Day, by the Rt. Hon.
Winston Churchill, with very encouraging results. (Mr.
Churchill broadcast a second appeal on Christmas Day, 1930.)
WORK FOR THE BLIND 175
AMERICA 1930
The degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa, was con-
ferred by the University of Pennsylvania on Edward Allen,
Director of Perkins Institution, Mass., in recognition of
nearly half a century's devoted work on behalf of the education
of the blind.
BRIGHTON
The Barclay Home and School for Blind Girls built an
additional playroom at a cost of about 1,500.
BRISTOL
The Royal School of Industry opened Southmead House as
a Hostel for Technical Students.
CONGRESS
The ninth Congress of Esperantists took place at Oxford, in
August. Forty-seven blind members from seven different
countries were present.
EAST GRINSTEAD, SUSSEX
Frampost, East Grinstead, was purchased by the National
Institute for the Blind for 6,500 as a Sunshine Home for
Blind Babies, in place of the Home at Chorley Wt>od burnt
down in 1928. The babies were moved from their temporary
Home in Devonshire.
EDINBURGH
The Edinburgh Society for Teaching the Adult Blind to
Read moved to larger premises at 4 Coates Crescent.
GIBRALTAR
Canon C. E. Bolam, F.R.Hist.S. (blind), Hon. Canon of
Lincoln Cathedral, and Hon. Chief Chaplain of the National
Institute for the Blind, t visited Gibraltar, and formed a small
committee with a view to looking after the blind and found-
ing a permanent Blind Society there. The civilian population
was about 17,000, and 37 blind cases were already known.
LIVERPOOL
The Catholic Blind Asylum built a large new wing, providing
a large playroom, classroom, etc. The cost, including furniture
and equipment, was nearly 24,000.
176 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
LONDON
In the autumn of 1930, the London County Council passed
a resolution that they would appoint no more blind teachers
to their Schools for the Blind. The National Institute for
the Blind, the College of Teachers of the Blind, and the
National Union of the Professional and Industrial Blind
strongly opposed the action of the Council, and the matter
was subjudice at the close of 1930.
The name of the Metropolitan and Adjacent Counties
Association for the Blind was changed to the South Eastern
and London Counties Association for the Blind.
The National Institute for the Blind started a Museum in
the Armitage Hall, at Great Portland Street. The Museum,
although by no means complete, already contains several
hundred exhibits of early and modern type, apparatus, games,
maps, models, etc., collected from many different countries.
MANCHESTER
Mr. W. H. Thurman was appointed Director and Secretary
of Henshaw's Institution for the Blind.
NORWOOD
The Royal Normal College announced that, since 1901,
twenty-nine of their ex-pupils had been awarded the honour
of F.R.C.O., and sixty-seven A.R.C.O., besides five first-class
and seven second-class music prizes, in competition with
seeing candidates.
OLDHAM
The Home Teaching Society founded in 1878 was taken
over by the Municipal Council.
PERIODICALS
A Braille monthly edition of Punch was published by the
National Institute for the Blind.
The Venture, a Braille magazine for Scouts and Guides,
edited by Miss Jean Robinson (blind) and Mr. W. J. Merridan
of the Royal Normal College, Norwood, was published by the
National Institute xor the Blind,
THIC LOKI> MAYOR OF LONDON SPTTIXC; IN MOTION THK
IMKST ROTARY PRESS IN RXOLAXD FOR I'RonnriNij
UK \II.LF
ONE OF A SKRIES OF ICMHOSSKD MAPS FOR THE BLIND
WORK FOR THE BLIND 177
PRINT, RAISED 1930
The National Institute for the Blind started a high speed
rotary printing press, the first used for embossed type in this
country, the output of this machine of 4,000 sheets (i.e. 16,000
pages) an hour being five times as fast as the platen machines
previously in use.
REGIONAL SUPERVISOR
Mr. E. V. Bradshaw, the Secretary-manager of the North
Staffordshire Workshops for the Blind, was appointed Joint
Regional Supervisor of Blind Welfare in the six northern
counties. The position was the first of its kind.
REIGATE
The Servers of the Blind League opened an extension of the
Ellen Terry National Home for Blind Mentally Defective
Children, to accommodate twelve girls between the ages of 12
and 16, the old part of the Home being reserved for boys and
girls under the age of 12.
SHEFFIELD
The City of Sheffield opened new workshops for tjie blind in
Sharrow Lane.
TENNANT, JOHN
Death of Mr. John Tennant, age eighty-two, Chairman of
the Indigent Blind Visiting Society, of whose Committee he
had been a member for forty years. He was also Vice-
President of the National Institute for the Blind, and one of the
founders of the National Institute for Massage.
WINTER, Miss
Miss Agnes Winter retired from the post of Hon. Secretary
(Counties Branch) of the Metropolitan and Adjacent Counties
Association for the Blind, after over ten years of valuable
service. During this period, owing very largely to her efforts,
fourteen County and County Borough Associations were
started, bringing the total to twenty-three out of a possible
twenty-four required to cover the whole of the counties
and county boroughs in the area.
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
NOTES
APPENDIX I
THE PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS
ABBREVIATIONS
c. = circa (about) ; the approximate date only can be
given,
fl. = floruit (flourished) ; the time at which he is thought
to have reached his maximum.
p. & T. = Power & Thompson (Sir D'Arcy Power, K.B.E.,
M.B. Oxon, F.R.C.S. Eng., and C. J. S. Thompson,
M.B.E.), from whose book Chronologia Medica, a
number of items have been copied.
PTAH. "Father of the Mighty Fathers," "Father of Begin- Before
nings," and " Creator of his own Image/' He was the chief god 3500 B.C.
in Memphis, where a magnificent temple was erected to him,
and where, with Sekhet and I-em-Hetep, he formed one of the
great triad of deities. His healing powers are chiefly associated
with the blind and deaf. (P. & T.)
PEPI-ANKH OF IRI practised as oculist and magician at the 2500 B.C.
court of one of the Kings of the Sixth Dynasty. His funeral
"stele" was discovered near the Pyramids of Giza a few years
ago.
ALCMAEON (ALKMAION) OF CROTONA, a pupil of Pythagoras, fl. 500
is said to have discovered the optic nerves and taught that the B.C.
brain was the seat of the intellect. He was the first to extirpate
the eyeball. (P. & T.)
HEROPHILOS OF CHALCEDON (Alexandrian School of Medi- c. 300
cine) a pupil of Praxagoras and Chrysippos, and the father of B.C.
systematic anatomical investigation. He was the first to
distinguish between the two coats of the eye, and probably
the first to describe the lens. (P. & T.)
APOLLONIOS OF MEMPHIS (Alexandrian School of Medicine), c. 250
wrote on the pulse, surgery, and diseases of*the eye. (P. & T.) B.C.
179
ISO ChLKUINULCXjlCAL 5UKVH.Y (Jb
c. 20 DEMOSTHENES THE OCULIST (Herophilan School of Medicine)
B.C. wrote a liber ophthalmicus, which was greatly esteemed.
(P. & T.)
p. 300 LONDON. Caius Silvius Tetricus, a Roman oculist, practising
A.D. in London, made preparations for the relief of granulation of
the eyelids, inflammation of the eyes, and the removal of
weals from the eyeball; one of Tetricus's tablets of "scented
unguent," impressed with his stamp, was recently discovered
fifteen feet below the surface of the soil near London Bridge.
The eye trouble prevalent in his day in the Roman provinces
was attributed, probably correctly, to the immoderate use of
hot-air baths.
(See The Daily Telegraph, 3ist July, 1931.)
936-1013 ALBUCASIS, Spanish-Arabian physician born near Cordova.
He wrote what was the leading surgical textbook until the
time of William of Salicet (1201-77). Among the operations
described in it is that for cataract. (P. & T.)
fl. 1050 ALI BEN ISA or JESUS HALY (Arabian School of Medicine).
Writer of a Book of Memoranda for Eye Doctors, which has
been preserved entire. He was the leading ophthalmic surgeon
of the eleventh century. (P. & T.)
1284 VENICE. The Guild of Glass Makers was founded in Venice,
providing against the use of glass instead of crystal in the
manufacturing of spectacles (roide da ogli). (Prof. C. Foligno,
Magdalen College, Oxford.)
1285 SAL VINO DEGLI ARMATI AND SPINA of t Florence are said to
have invented spectacles. (P. & T.)
1535-1606 GEORG BARTISCH. Surgeon and court oculist to the Elector
of Saxony. He was the author in 1583 of The Augendienst, an
illustrated book on ophthalmic operations, and a skilful
operator on the eye. He distinguished between the various
forms of cataract, and operated in many ophthalmic diseases.
He sought to show that many of the delusions about witch-
craft were attributable to errors of the sight. (P. & T.)
c. 1580 PROSPER ALPINO, a Venetian, gave the first exact records
of the prevalence Si ophthalmia in Egypt.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 181
MARIA COLLINET was the first to conceive the idea of re- c. 1800
moving metallic particles from the eye by means of a magnet.
She was the wife of Fabricus Hildanus (1560-1624), a surgeon
of Hilden, near Dtisseldorf. (P. & T.)
WILLIAM CHESELDEN, surgeon and oculist. Surgeon to 1688-175&
Queen Caroline and to St. Thomas's and Chelsea Hospitals,
introduced the formation of an artificial pupil by a simple
incision of the iris made with a needle introduced through the
sclera. (P. & T.)
PIERRE BRISSEAU, OF TOURNAY, Professor at Douay, was 1705
the first to demonstrate by dissection the clouded lens in
cataract. (P. & T.)
Operation first performed for the removal of an infected 1724
tear-passage of an eye.
JOSEPH BARTH, OF MALTA, oculist to Joseph II of Austria, 1745-1818
the first to give separate lectures on ophthalmology. He
founded an ophthalmic hospital. (P. & T.)
JACQUES DAVIEL (France) introduced a new method of 1745
dealing with senile cataract by the removal of the opaque
lens (the cataract) from within the eyeball.
DR. EDWARD JENNER (of Berkeley, Glos.), discovered 1798
vaccination as a preventive of smallpox, a disease responsible
for much blindness.
(In 1849, Dr. Augustin Prichard, Hon. Surgeon to the
Bristol Blind Asylum, inquired into the causes of blindness of
a hundred of the inmates, and found that thirteen had lost
their sight from smallpox.)
THE ROYAL LONDON OPHTHALMIC HOSPITAL, Moorfields, 1804
was founded by John ^ Cunningham Saunders, F.R.C.S. It
was the first hospital 'in Great Britain devoted solely to
diseases of the eye, and from it has sprung practically every
eye hospital and school in the Empire, and the Ophthalmologi-
cal Society of the United Kingdom. Its Hospital Reports were
the first serial ophthalmic publications.
W. T. G. MORTON (America) was one of the first persons to 1846
use ether as an anaesthetic regularly, although Dr. C. W.
13 (2155)
182 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
1846 Long (America) had made some use of anaesthetics during the
previous four years. The use of anaesthetics made certain
operations to the eyes more practicable.
(Although this is the first use of anaesthetics in modern
surgery, Wa TO (221-264), father of Chinese surgery, is
said to have used a mixture of Indian hernp and other sub-
stances to produce anaesthesia for operating. P. & T.)
1851 HERMAN VON HELMHOLTZ (Germany) introduced the
Ophthalmoscope, the instrument by which the interior of the
eyeball can be seen, and its diseases viewed and identified. An
Englishman named Babbage is said to have invented a similar
instrument four years earlier, but did not publish the fact.
1856 VON GRAEFE introduced the operation of tridectomy for the
treatment of glaucoma. This was an epoch-making event,
although there have been many improvements in the treat-
ment of this disease since.
1885 SIR JOSEPH LISTER (later Lord Lister), introduced anti-
septic methods in surgery.
(Although this is the first use of antiseptics in modern sur-
gery, Theodorius or Theodoric of Cervia (1205-1298), founder
of the surgical school of Bologna, taught that pus was not
necessary in the healing of wounds. He ranks as a pioneer
in aseptic surgery. P. & T.)
1879 ALBERT NEISSER discovered the organism gonococcus a
venereal disease causing many cases of blindness from
ophthalmia neonatorum.
1880 THE SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS AND THE
IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSIQUE OF THE BLIND was founded.
(Dr. Roth, 48 Wimpole Street, W.i, was the Hon. Secretary in
1887.)
(In 1907 Mr. H. J. Wilson wrote : " It is much to be regretted
that the Society for the Prevention of Blindness has ceased its
beneficial work/' . . . Dr. Roth was then dead.)
1882 CRED OF LEIPZIG introduced a method of curing ophthal-
mia neonatorum by means of nitrate of silver. (Prior to the dis-
covery, about 30 per cent of the pupils in blind schools were
there by reason of this disease.)
W6RK FOR THE BLIND 183
HEREDITY. The following are extracts from a paper read 1883
at the Conference at York, by Dr. Roth, Hon. Secretary of the
Association for the Prevention of Blindness
In twenty-one marriages in which one of the parents was
blind, there were forty-nine children, eight either blind or with
some defect of the eye.
Dr. Daumas, in Paris, found among i,i68t>lind, 68 in whom
the trouble was hereditary.
Stratfield mentions a mother who had cataract in her
second year; five out of her eight children had cataract in
infancy.
Cunier has known a family in which, since 1637, that is for
246 years, spasmodic oscillation of the eyeball is hereditary ;
125 members of the family have suffered from it.
Regarding consanguinity, an American committee of medi-
cal men found in 893 marriages amongst members of the same
family, 40 per cent of the children to be deformed or diseased ;
therefore it is probable that congenital blindness might be
produced by a similar cause.
AUREP and CARL ROLLER of Vienna used cocaine as a local 1884
anaesthetic in eye diseases.
THE OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, London, sent a deputa-
tion to the President of the Local Government Board, urging
him to issue instruction cards to those in charge of new-born
children, pointing out the danger of purulent ophthalmia in
the new-born and the necessity for prompt treatment.
The request was refused on the ground of expense (estimated
at the rate of 2d. a card, or 7,300 a year). This ill-placed
economy probably cost the country the maintenance of a large
number of blind persons.
THE SPECTACLE MISSION SOCIETY, London, was founded by 1885
the late Dr. Edward Waring, C.I.E., for providing free
spectacles for the poor and aged. Dr. Waring died in 1891, and
the work was then carried on by Miss C. Waring at Sutherland
Avenue.
ERNST FUCHS, of Liege, was awarded a prize for the best
essay on the Prevention of Blindness, at the fifth Congress of
Hygiene.
184 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY-OF
1886 BABES discovered that the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus was the
cause of diphtheria. The use of anti-toxin has saved many
lives and many eyes, as diphtheria may attack the lining
membrane of the eyelids and eyeballs.
1892 HAAB OF ZURICH produced a giant electric magnet for re-
moving particles* of iron and steel from the eyes. (Small
magnets had been of a certain amount of use before.)
1895 PROFESSOR W. C. VON RONTGEN'S discovery of the now well-
known X-rays was the means of facilitating many surgical
operations, including the locating of, and removal of foreign
bodies from the eyes. Improvements have been effected in
X-ray apparatus by many scientists since its first discovery,
notably by Dr. Mackenzie Davidson, who, by using the stereo-
scopic principle made it possible to ascertain accurately the
depth of any foreign body within the eyeball or orbit in the
part to be operated upon.
1902 THE MIDWIVES ACT, 1902, made the necessary connection
between the public health departments of the State, and the
attendants of the newly-born children, which would make any
scheme of notification of disease possible.
1905 SCHAUDINN and HOFFMANN discovered the organism of
syphilis (spirochaeta pallida). (Dr. N. Bishop Harman, in his
book published in 1907, stated that 17-6 per cent of blindness
was caused by congenital syphilis.)
1908 THE NEW YORK COMMITTEE FOR THE PREVENTION OF
BLINDNESS was formed. (In 1915, it became the National
Committee for the Prevention of Blindness, and in 1928 the
National Society for the Prevention, of Blindness, with a
membership of over 20,000.)
1909 STOKE-ON-TRENT was the first borough to make ophthalmia
neonatorum a notifiable disease.
1910 PAUL EHRLICH'S researches resulted in the production of
salvarsan, the basis^of the modern treatment of syphilis.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 185
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM was made a compulsorily notifi- 1911
able disease in the whole of the administrative county of
London. (This brought the total of boroughs and districts
where the disease was made notifiable up to 100.)
COLNE SOCIETY started a School Clinic wjiere 588 children 1914
were attended for defective sight.
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM was made a compulsorily noti-
fiable disease throughout England and Wales by an order of
the Local Government Board. (Dr. N. Bishop Harman, in his
book published 1907, stated that 36 per cent of blindness in
L.C.C. Schools was caused by this disease, and that Claisse of
Paris considered irresponsible for 46 per cent of the blindness
there, while in Berlin Katz put the figure at 41 per cent. A
later report by Dr. Harman stated that between 1914 and 1920
only 11-91 per cent of the 755 blind children in L.C.C. Schools
were blind from this cause.
The Council of British Ophthalmologists was formed to 1918
act as an authoritative and representative body to assist
Government Departments and their representative bodies in
the preservation and welfare of the eyesight of the community.
NEWCASTLE. A Doctor was fined 50 for not notifying a 1919
case of ophthalmia neonatorum ; the child became blind.
The Minister of Health appointed a committee to inquire 1920
into the causes and prevention of blindness.
ACT OF PARLIAMENT. By Clause 66 of the Public Health 1926
Act, 1925, County Councils and County Borough Councils
were given power to make such arrangements as they thought
desirable to assist in the prevention of blindness, and in the
treatment of persons suffering from disease or injury to the eye.
In eight years the State of Pennsylvania paid out 15,000,000 1929
dollars in compensation, in the metallurgical, electrical, and
chemical industries ; of this sum, 6,000,000 dollars was awarded
for the loss of one or both eyes. (Extract fifom the daily Press.)
i86 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY
1929 The International Association for the Prevention of Blind-
ness was inaugurated.
1930 Xhe death occurred at Vienna, at the age of seventy-nine,
of Professor Ernst Fuchs, the renowned Austrian ophthalmo-
logist. His treatise on diseases of the eye and that entitled
The Causes and Prevention of Blindness are standard works,
and have been translated into most languages. (See The
Times, November 24th, 1930.)
NATIONAL OPHTHALMIC TREATMENT BOARD. As a result of
the recommendation in the Majority Report of the Royal Com-
mission on National Health Insurance, an ophthalmic benefit
service was set up, available to all State insured persons.
THE LEAGUE OF RED CROSS SOCIETIES, Paris, published a
Report on the Prevention of Blindness, containing statistics
and valuable information concerning the number of blind
persons, and probable causes of blindness, in most parts of the
world.
The appalling state of affairs in the Far East is emphasized
in a Report on China (1925), by Dr. H. J. Howard, an oculist
with many years experience in that country. He says : " There
are probably not less than one-half million of people in China
to-day who are blind in both eyes, probably five million more
who are blind in one eye, and at least fifteen million who are
nearly blind, many of whom will be blind within a few years."
He points out that to the estimate of six million blind in the
world should be added the much larger group with vision so
seriously defective as to be handicapped vocationally, and
threatened with ultimate loss of sight.
Attention is called in the Report to the great saving in
sight among infants by new methods of pre-natal treatment.
APPENDIX II
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ROYA<L COMMISSION
ON THE BLIND, ETC., 1889
(Appointed 2oth January, 1886)
STATE AID
(i) THAT the provisions of the Education Acts be extended to
the blind, and that the compulsory attendance at a school or
institution be enforced from 5 to 16, in the following way
(2) The education of the blind in the elementary school
should commence at 5, in the infant department, and after
passing through the ordinary standards, the technical or
industrial training should begin at from 12 to 14, in an insti-
tution or technical school, and that parents should not have
the power of withdrawing the children before the age of 16.
Such of the blind pupils as show exceptional promise should be
encouraged by scholarships to qualify for education at a high-
class college. Independently of the position of the parent, a
capitation grant, equal to at least half the cost of instruction,
should be given to all, in the same way as in ordinary ele-
mentary schools. If intended to be trained in music, instruc-
tion should be given as soon as possible.
(3) Where the number is too small to form a class, or where
the child is unable to attend an elementary school, the school
board or school attendance authority should have the power
and be required (a) to send a child to an institution, and to
contribute to his education and maintenance such grant as
would be equivalent to the contribution now allowed to be
paid by guardians ; (bj if there should be no institution avail-
able or willing to receive such child, the school authority
should have the power to board out the child; or, either by
itself or in combination with other school authorities, to
establish an institution for the purpose and to educate the
child under certificated teachers and proper inspection.
(4) That the school attendance should be compulsorily
enforced for at least eight years, without any existing limit
187
188 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
of distance from school, and power given to the local authority
to pay the rail or tram fare of children when necessary.
(5) That the grant on behalf of children, whether in a day
school or in a boarding school, up to the age of 16, should be
given under the certificate of a properly qualified inspector,
who should certify the character of the teaching in the school,
and the grant should depend, not only on the merits of each
individual scholar, but on the aggregate proficiency of the
blind pupils.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
(1) That the technical instruction in industrial handicrafts,
as well as the educational training of the blind, should be
placed under the Education Department ; an efficient inspec-
tion of industrial work by a Government Inspector would tend
to raise the standard of work, and to produce good instead of
indifferent workmen, as is too often the case at present.
(2) That from 16 to 21 the school authority should have the
power and duty to give to all the necessitous blind a liberal
grant to maintain themselves while they are learning a trade.
(3) That a central shop and workshop for adult skilled
workers should be established in every large centre where the
same has not yet been started. But the State should not
directly subsidize their work, and it should be left to private
benevolence to start such central workshops and boarding
houses, where the blind could be assisted to obtain work or be
provided with materials at cost price, if they wish to live at
their own homes, and where they would obtain a ready sale
of their work.
(4) That the adult blind and those who have become blind
from 21 to 50 should equally receive either help from the
school authority to learn a trade and to read some raised type,
in the same way as if they were under 21, or if they have
passed through an institution, the old pupils should be assisted
and supervised on the Saxon system, as soon as the funds can
be obtained for that purpose, and it should be the duty of the
inspectors of Institutions for the Blind to ascertain what
supervision is exercised, and to report accordingly, this being
one of the regulations which might reasonably be imposed
by the Education Department as a general condition of the
grant.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 189
PENSIONS
The following recommendations made respecting pensions
can be carried out without legislation, viz.
(1) Co-operation amongst all the various pension societies
should be established, whereby a united register should be
kept of all recipients, and thus the possibility be avoided of
undeserving cases being relieved, and of blind persons becom-
ing recipients of more than one pension, except under special
circumstances, and with the knowledge of the trustees.
(2) The pensions, except for the aged and infirm, should be
so distributed as to assist those who are assisting themselves.
(3) The pensions should not be given quarterly in lump
sums, as they are liable to be wasted and misused, either by
the blind or by those who accompany them to the distributor
of the money; but they should, as a rule, be paid weekly or
monthly, through the agency of either a local magistrate,
medical practitioner, or of the parochial clergy or minister,
who might from time to time report on the conduct and
deserts of the pensioners.
TEACHERS
We recommend
That blind teachers should be placed under the same regula-
tions as the seeing teachers in elementary schools before being
allowed to teach, and in all cases should have such sighted
assistance as may be necessary to ensure the efficiency of their
teaching.
MISCELLANEOUS SUGGESTIONS
We recommend
(1) That greater attention should be paid generally to
physical exercises and healthy out-door sports, and gymnasia
and covered play shds should be attached to all schools for
the blind.
(2) That the supervision of the blind at night should be
obtained by a sighted officer sleeping in a cubicle in the same
room, or in one with a window looking directly into the
dormitory. We attach great importance to this.
(3) That there should be some sighted supervision of
workshops.
igo CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY'
(4) That except in special cases, or where music is selected
as a profession, or where a pupil is being prepared for one of
the liberal professions, everyone not physically disqualified
should receive manual training.
(5) That boys up to 16 should not be employed in workshops
with the adult blin^,
(6) That the management of industrial work should be
placed on a strictly commercial basis, and if it be found neces-
sary to give any bonus it should be clearly shown in the books
of the institution.
We think
(7) That the industrial work taught in many of the institu-
tions is not sufficiently practical, and that, generally speaking,
the manual dexterity is not sufficiently developed when the
pupils are young.
(8) That there should be greater solidarity among the insti-
tutions and interchange of information and opinion between
them, so that they should work harmoniously together; and
in the management of the workshops each endeavour to take
up some one branch of work, and purchase from other insti-
tutions anything they may themselves have orders for, and
that this policy should be reciprocal.
We recommend
(9) That the intermarriage of the blind should be strongly
discouraged.
(10) That information respecting the treatment of purulent
ophthalmia should be circulated by the sanitary authority,
or through the post office.
(n) That children with defective sight in elementary
schools should be periodically examined by a medical officer,
and the use of glasses, etc., ordered, so as to preserve their
sight as much as possible.
(12) That greater attention to ophthalmic surgery should be
encouraged among general practitioners.
APPENDIX III
AGENDA OF CONFERENCE OF MANAGERS, TEACHERS
AND FRIENDS OF THE BLIND (YORK), 1883
(i6th to 26th July)
(i) "THE Best Means to be Adopted to Enable the Blind to
Maintain Themselves," by Dr. Armitage.
(2) "The Psychology of Blindness and the Education and
Training of the Blind," by Mr. S. Neil, Edinburgh.
(3) "A Plea for the Higher Culture of the Blind/' by Mr.
S. S. Forster, M.A*., Worcester.
(4) "Industrial Employments of the Blind Working in
Institutions," by Mr. W. Martin, Edinburgh.
(5) " The Sphere of Music in the Education of the Blind," by
Heer Meijer, Amsterdam.
(6) "The Duty of the Government and School Boards in the
Education of the Blind," by Mr. F. J. Munby, York.
(7) "Conference of Managers and Teachers of Blind Insti-
tutions," by Herr Moldenhawer, Copenhagen.
(8) "Amusements for the Blind," by Mr. W. Wood,
Sheffield.
(9) "The Prevention of Blindness," by Dr. Roth, London.
(10) "The Physical Education of the Blind," by Dr. Roth,
London.
AGENDA OF NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE BLIND
AND THEIR FRIENDS (NORWOOD), 1890.
(22nd to 2$th July)
"Primary Education, of the Blind," by Mr. W. H. Illing-
worth, Edinburgh.
"Technical Training and Education as a Preparation for
Earning a Livelihood"
(a) "Handicrafts," by Mr. H. W. P. Pine, Nottingham.
(b) "Music/' by Mr. Barnes, Swiss Cottage, London, N.W.
(c) "Professions," by the Rev. S. S. Forstr.
" State Aid to Blind Institutions," by, Mr. W. R. Carter,
Sheffield.
191
192 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
"Workshops for the Blind," by Mr. W. Martin, Edinburgh.
"Assistance to, and Supervision of, the Blind after Leaving
School/' by Dr. T. R. Armitage, London.
AGENDA OF CONFERENCE ON MATTERS RELATING
TO THEtBLIND (WESTMINSTER), 1902
(22nd to 24th April)
(1) "The Higher Education of the Blind," by the Rev.
H. J. R. Marston, M.A.
(2) "Provision for the Instruction of the Blind on Attaining
Sixteen Years of Age, and of those Going Blind After that Age
having Regard to the Act of 1893," by Rev. T. W. Sharpe,
C.B.
(3) "Provision for Defective Blind Children," by Mr. C. S.
Loch.
(4) " Physical Training of the Blind," by Dr. F. J. Campbell.
(5) "Professions and Trades Best Adapted for the Blind,
Including those not Usually Practised, and the Best Means of
Helping the Blind to Carry on the Trades for which they have
been Trained," by Mr. Henry Stainsby.
(6) "Most Approved Methods of Conducting Workshops,
Including fne Question of Wages and of Providing Lodging
Accommodation for the Workers," by Rev. St. Clare Hill,
M.A.
(7) "The Need of More and Cheaper Literature for the
Blind"
(a) In Braille type, by Mr. Alfred Hirst.
(b) In Moon type, by Miss Moon.
(8) "Uniform Braille System," by Mr. W. H. Illingworth.
(9) " Provision for the Aged, by Means of Pensions, Homes,
or Otherwise," by Mr. W. S. Seton-Karr.
(10) "Statistics Concerning Blindness," by Mr, R. MacLeod,
C.B.
(n) "Home Teaching Societies," by Miss E. M. Bainbrigge.
(12) "Greater Solidarity and Interchange of Opinion
among Institutions, the Need of a Central Bureau, and Uniform
Plan of Keeping Accounts," by Mr. W. H. Tate.
(13) " Preventio t n of Blindness," by Mr. R. Brudenell Carter,
F.R.C.S.
(14) "Intermarriage of Blind Persons," by Dr, Rockliffe.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 193
AGENDA OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
THE BLIND (EDINBURGH), 1905
(igth to 2^th June)
"The Primary Education of the Blind, and the Blind and
Deaf Act of 1893," by Mr. H. Stainsby, General Superintendent
and Secretary of the Institution for the BlirAl, Birmingham.
"Secondary Education and the Act of 1902 with Special
Reference to Education and Training for the Blind Above
Sixteen Years of Age," by Mr. W. H. Illingworth, Superin-
tendent of Henshaw's Blind Asylum, Manchester.
"British Braille, and an Account of what has been Accom-
plished by the British Braille Committee." Report read by
Mr. H. W. P. Pine, Superintendent and Secretary of the
Midland Institution for the Blind, Nottingham.
"The Problem of the Better and More General Employment
of the Blind," by Mr. C. Macdonald, Manager of the Institution
for the Blind, Dundee.
"A Central Bureau and a National Register, the Best Means
of Bringing Them into Existence, and the Benefits to be
Derived," by Mr. A. B. Norwood, M.A., Superintendent of the
Yorkshire School for the Blind, York.
"The Problem of the ' Defective ' Blind and its Best Solution,
with Special Reference to the Report Issued by the Committee
Appointed at the Last Conference," by Mr. H. J. Wilson,
Secretary of Gardner's Trust for the Blind.
"The Outdoor Blind of Scotland," by Mr. J. Frew Bryden,
Superintendent of Mission to Outdoor Blind for Glasgow, and
the West of Scotland.
"Boards of Guardians, and their Relation to the Blind," by
Mr. W. H. Tate, a member of the Committee of the Bradford
Institution for the Blind.
AGENDA OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
THE BLIND (MANCHESTER), 1908
(24th July to ist August)
"The Housing of the Blind," by Miss I. M. Heywood,
Founder and Hon. Secretary of Manchester and Salford Blind
Aid Society. '*
"Technical Education and Employment of the Blind in
194 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY- OF
the United States," by Mr. E. Green, Superintendent of the
Missouri School for Blind, St. Louis, U.S.A.
"Commercial Training of the Blind in Canada/' by Dr.
Fraser, Superintendent, Halifax School for the Blind, N.S.
"Pensions for the Blind," by Miss E. Massey.
"Recreations for the Blind," by Mr. W. Littlewood, Head-
master of Waverfrree School for the Blind, Liverpool.
"The Blind of France," by Mile. Jacqueline Chevenin,
LTnstitution Valentin Haiiy.
"The Past, Present, and Future of the Blind of Japan," by
Mr. Tadasu Yoshimoto, Tokyo, Japan.
"Psychology of Blindness and Care of Blind Infants," by
J. M. Ritchie, Henshaw's Blind Asylum.
"The Blind of Ireland and How their Condition may be
Improved," by Mr. Mulholland, Mission to Outdoor Blind,
Belfast.
"Music for the Blind," by Mr. H. E. Platt, Teacher of
Music at the General Institution for the Blind, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.
Reports from Secretaries of the Northern and other Unions
established since the last conference, including the "College
of Teachers for the Blind" and " Superintendents' Association,"
"Co-ordination of London Workshops for the Blind."
AGENDA OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE FOR
THE BLIND (EXETER), 1911
($rd to ^th July)
"Libraries for the Blind," Paper read by Miss E. W. Austin,
Secretary and Librarian to the Incorporated National Lending
Library for the Blind.
"Teachers of the Blind: Their Training, Qualifications, and
Reasonable Prospects of Employment," by the Rev. St.
Clare Hill, F.C.T.B., Principal of the Royal Leatherhead
School for the Blind.
"A Retrospect of the More Recent Musical Education of the
Blind, and Suggestions as to the Future," by Mr. H. C.
Warrilow, F.R.C.O.
"After-care, and the Better and More General Employment
of the Blind," by Mr. H. Stainsby, F.C.T.B., General Secretary
to the British and Foreign Blind Association.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 195
Informal discussion on matters relative to the Education
and Training of the Blind.
" Training in the Requirements of Social Life at Home and
in Society, and the Best Methods of Securing It," by Lady
Campbell, Hon. Lady Superintendent, Royal Normal College
for the Blind, Upper Norwood, London.
"The General Pensioning of the Blind: The Raising of
National Funds as the Best Way of Solving the Pensioning
Problem/' by Mr. Alrik Lundberg (Stockholm), President of
the Swedish Federation for the Blind.
" Ophthalmia-Neonatorum and its Administrative Control,"
by Dr. George Reid, Medical Officer of Health, Staffordshire
County Council.
Lecture by Mr. H. C. Preece (Travelling Secretary to the
British and Foreign Blind Association) on "The Comedy of
Daily Life."
AGENDA OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
THE BLIND (LONDON), 1914
(iSth to 24th June)
"The Work of the Unions of Societies for the Blind in
England and Wales: Their History and Possible Develop-
ments," by Mr. H. J. Wilson, Secretary, Gardner's Trust for
the Blind, London.
"How to Improve the Attitude of the Public Towards the
Employment of the Blind," and "Legislation (Past and Im-
pending), on behalf of the Blind," by Sir Robert Ellis Cunliffe,
Solicitor to the Board of Trade ; Chairman, West London
Workshops for the Blind.
"How to Deal with the Incompetent Blind," by Mr. W. H.
Illingworth, Superintendent, Henshaw's Blind Asylum,
Manchester.
"Pianoforte Tuning, an Occupation for the Blind, and How
to Make it One of the Most Successful," by Mr. P. E. Layton
(Montreal).
"Braille and Its Modifications " by M. Perouze, representing
the Association Valentin Haiiy, Paris.
"Work for the Blind in Australia," by Mr. Stanley
Hedger, Industrial Blind Association, Syohiey, and Mr. Isaac
Dickson, delegate from the Queensland Blind, Deaf and Dumb
196 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Institution, Brisbane, and the Royal Blind Asylum, N.
Adelaide.
"The Elementary Education of the Blind/' by Lady Camp-
bell, Royal Normal College for the Blind.
"Some Suggestions on Massage by the Blind," by Mr. F. R.
Marriott (Harrow).
"Scouting as an f Aid for the Blind to Healthy Independence
and Good Citizenship," Captain F. P. Pierson Webber
(Stratf ord-on-Avon) .
"Work for the Blind in Uraguay," by Senora T. Santos de
Bosch, Delegate of the Government of Uraguay.
"Work for the Blind in Syria," by Mr. Charles Walker,
Secretary of the British Syrian Mission.
Brazil: "Work for the Blind in Brazil," by Col. J. da Silva
Mello, Director of the Benjamin Constant Institution, Rio de
Janeiro, and Delegate of the Brazilian Government.
"Blindness in Adult Life: (a) The Totally Blind; (b) The
Partially Blind," by Mr. M. Priestley, Manager and Secretary
of the Royal Institution for the Blind, Bradford.
Russia: "Work for the Blind in Russia," by Mr. M. J.
Koloubovsky, Delegate of the Imperial Government, St.
Petersburg.
Denmark* "Work for the Blind in Denmark, by Mr. M.
A. F. Wiberg (Copenhagen), Delegate of the Government of
Denmark.
India: "Work for the Blind in India," by Mr. A. K. Shah,
Headmaster, School for the Blind, Calcutta.
China: Lantern Lecture by Mrs. Wilkinson, School for the
Blind, Foo Chow.
"Work for the Blind in America in the Twentieth Century,"
Lantern Lecture by Mr. C. F. F. Campbell, Founder and
Editor of Outlook for the Blind (Columbus, Ohio), and Mr.
O. H. Burritt, Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for
the Blind.
United States: "Sight-Saving and Light Through Work for
the Blind," by Miss W. Holt, Secretary, New York Association
for the Blind, New York.
"The Problems of the Education of the High Myopes and
the Partially-sighted," by Mr. N. Bishop Harman, F.R.C.S.,
London.
"The Education and After-care of the Blind-Deaf," by Mr.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 197
W. M. Stone, Head Master, Royal Blind Asylum and School,
Edinburgh.
"Esperanto for the Blind/' by Mr. W. Percy Merrick.
" Salesmanship/' by Mr. P. A. Best, Managing Director,
Messrs. Selfridge & Co., Ltd.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alston', John.
Education, and Employment at the Glasgow Asylum for the
Blind (1846),
Anagnos, M.
Education of the Blind (1882).
Helen Keller (1889).
Thomas Stringer, His Development and Training (1900).
Anderson, T.
Observations on the Employment of the Blind (1837).
Armitage, T. R.
Education and Employment of the Blind (1871),
Condition of the Blind in Great Britain and Ireland (1878).
Bainbrigge, Major-General P. J.
Training of the Blind. Extracts from the Report of the First
European Congress of Teachers of the Blind, Vienna (1875).
Barnhill, A.
New Era in the Education of Blind Children (187^).
Best, H.
The Blind, Their Condition, and What is Being Done for
Them in the United States (1920).
Bird, J,
Social Pathology: The Blind, Deaf, and Dumb (1862).
The Deaf, Dumb, and Blind : A Letter to Rev. R. Maguire
(1863).
Essay, with Life of James Wilson (blind) (1856).
Blair, R. H.
Education of the Blind (1876). (Pamphlet.)
Hints to Blind Home Students (1877). (Pamphlet.)
Bowen, B. B.
A Blind Man's Offering (1857).
Bull, Thomas.
The Sense Denied and Lost (1859).
Carton, C. ,
Establishments for the Blind in England (1838).
199
200 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Clare, J. W.
The Present Condition and Future Improvement of the Blind
(1862).
Courtney, A. V.
Anecdotes of the Blind (1835).
Dark, S.
Life of Sir Arthur Pearson (1922).
Diderot, D.
Essay on Blindness. Translation published by Dymott (1773).
Downing, James.
Life of James Downing (blind) (1813).
Dudley, Charles.
The Braille Conscience (1914).
Dunning, T. J.
Lecture on the Best Mode of Relieving the Blind (1866).
Fenn, W.
Half Hours of a Blind Man's Holiday (1879).
Fison, Mrs.
Darkness and Light (1859).
Foster, S. S.
The Future of the Blind (1875).
What Shfcll we do with our Blind Boys? (1879).
The Gardner Bequest for the Blind (1880).
Fowler, R.
The Mental State of the Blind, Deaf, and Dumb (1843).
French, R.
The Education of the Blind : An Historical and Critical Survey
(1924).
Frere, J. H.
Type for the Blind (1840).
Fuchs, Dr. E.
Causes and Prevention of Blindness. Translated by Dudgeon
(1885).
Gall, J.
Gospel of St. John for the Blind, with Some Historical Notices
Regarding the Origin and Establishment of a Tangible
Literature for Their Use (1834).
Account of Glasgow Asylum for the Blind (1834).
Literature for the Blind (1834).
Account of Recent Discoveries for Facilitating the Education
of the Blind (1837).
WORK FOR THE BLIND 201
Gordon-Gumming, C.
Inventor of the Numeral Type for China (1898).
Gray, J.
What is Doing for the Blind ? (1862).
Guillil, Dr.
Essay on the Blind : The Instruction and Amusements of (1819) .
Hammock.
Census of the Blind, Deaf, and Dumb (1861).
Hanway, J.
Defeats of the Police, etc., with Observations on Mr. Hethering-
ton's Charity for the Blind (1775).
Harmon, B.
Preventable Blindness (1907).
Harris, W., and Turner, M.
Guide to Institutions and Charities for the Blind (1871 and
1884).
Hauy, V.
The Education of the Blind. Translated by Blacklock (1793).
Hedger, H.
Employment of the Blind (1899).
Holt, W.
A Beacon for the Blind Life of Henry Fawcett (1915).
A Handbook for the Blind and Their Friends (19^5).
Howe, M., and Hall, F.
Life of Laura Bridgman (1904).
Howlett, S.
"They shall see His Face." Work Among the Blind in India
(1898).
Hughes, G. A.
Punctiuncular Stenographic System of Embossing (1842).
Illingworth, W. H.
Education of the Blind (1910).
Inchcliff, J.
Life of Nicholas Satmderson (1747).
Javal, E.
The Blind Man's World. Translated by Thompson (1904).
On Becoming Blind. Translated by Edson (1905).
Johns, B. G.
The Land of Silence, the Land of Darkness (1857).
Blind People, Their Works and Ways (1867).
Plain Sermons to the Blind (1853). >
202 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Johnson, E. C.
Tangible Typography (1853).
Musical Instruction of the Blind in France, Spain, and
America (1855).
The Blind of London (1860).
The Irish Pauper Blind (1860).
Paris Exhibition, 1867. Apparatus for the Blind, Report
presented to Parliament.
London International Exhibition. Official Report on Methods
of Teaching the Blind, Deaf, and Dumb (1871).
Annuities to the Blind (1876). Later editions revised by S.
Johnson (1910).
Keller, Helen.
The Story of My Life (1903).
The World I Live In (1908).
My Religion (1927).
Midstream (1929).
Kitto, J.
The Lost Senses (1845).
Klein, J. W.
The Relation of the Blind to the World Around Them.
Translated by Taylor (1859).
Knie, J. G.
Guide to the Proper Management and Education of Blind
Children. Translated by Taylor (1861).
Landeghem, Mrs. H.
Charity Misapplied (1864).
Exile and Home (1865).
Lawson, G.
Diseases and Injuries of the Eye (1903).
Lettsom, J.
Hints Respecting the Employment of the Blind (1801).
Levy, W. Hanks.
Blindness and the Blind (1872).
Lucas, T.
Instructions for Teaching the Blind to Read with the Universal
Alphabet (1837).
MacGullock, G.
A Blind Mute (1881).
Macmillan, D.
Life of George Mattfeson (1910).
WORK FOR THE BLIND 203
Maguire, R.
The Deaf and Dumb and the Blind (1863).
Mannix, J. B.
Heroes of the Darkness (1911).
Marston, H. J.
England's Blind Sons and Daughters (i88iV
Martin, F.
Life of Elizabeth Gilbert (1887).
Martin, W.
The Education of the Blind: the Adaptation of Froebel r s
Kindergarten System for the Blind (1881).
Industrial Employment of the Blind Working in Institutions
(1883).
Maxfield, K.
The Blind Child and His Reading (1928).
Meldrum, R.
Light on Dark Paths (1883).
Metcalf, John.
Life of John Metcalf (1795).
Milburn, W. H.
Songs in the Night, in The Rifle Axe and Saddlebags (1857).
Mitchell, A.
The Blind, Their Capabilities, Condition, and Claims (1860).
Moon, William.
Light for the Blind (1873).
Consequences and Ameliorations of Blindness (1875).
Moore, E.
Facts and Figures (1864).
A Few Remarks on the Blind Industrial Exhibition (1867).
Munby, F. /., and Buckle, A .
Two Reports: (i) On the Articles Exhibited at Blind Institu-
tions at the Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1878; (2) The
National Institute for the Young Blind in Paris (1879).
Payne, A.
The Education of the Blind, Deaf, and Dumb (1864).
Pearson, C. Arthur.
Victory over Blindness (1919).
The Conquest of Blindness.
Plummer, J.
A Blind Inventor, Life of Dr. Gale (186$).
204 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Posey, W.
Hygiene of the Eye (1918).
Purse, B.
Blind in Industry (1925).
The British Blind (1918).
Rainey, F.
The Blind. Rdinan Letter (1893).
Richards, Laura E.
Laura Bridgman (1928).
Ritchie, J. M.
Concerning the Blind (1930).
Rocheleau t C., and R. Mack.
Those in the Dark Silence (1930).
Romaine, J.
Eyeless Sight. Translated by C. K. Ogden (1924).
Ross, G. J.
A Working Man's Blindness (1883).
Roth. Dr.
The Present State of the Physique of the Blind (1879).
Prevention of Blindness ; a paper read at the Jubilee Celebra-
tions of the Yorkshire School for the Blind, 1883.
4
Sarcey, F.
Mind Your Eyes. Translated by Dudgeon (1886).
Scapini, J. G.
A Challenge to Darkness. Translated by Helen Keller (1929).
Scott, Miss E. R.
History of the Education of the Blind prior to 1830.
(Pamphlet.)
Sizeranne, Maurice de la.
The Blind as Seen Through Blind Eyes. Translated by Lewis
(1889).
The Blind Sisters of St. Paul. Translated by L. M. Leggatt
(1907).
Stainsby, H.
The Education, Training, and Employment of the Blind.
(Pamphlet.)
Stephens, L.
Life of Henry Fa\cett (1886).
, WORK FOR THE BLIND 205
Taylor, Rev. W.
The Education of the Blind and the Establishment of a College
for those in the Opulent Classes (1859).
Lecture on the Education of the Blind. (Transactions of the
Royal Institution of Great Britain.)
Short Sketch of the Life of Klein, Founder of the Institution
.for the Blind at Vienna. Translated by Rev. W. Taylor
(1859).
Report on Printing for the Blind in the Transactions of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science (1863).
Taylor, W. H.
The Taylor Arithmetic for the Blind.
Villey, P.
The World of tne Blind. Translated by A. Hallard (1914).
Wait, W. B.
Tangible Muste Notation (1873).
The True Structural Basis of Punctographic Systems (1892).
Wilde, W. R.
Number and Condition of the Blind in Ireland (1862).
Wilson, Henry J.
Information with Regard to Institutions in England and
Wales (1887-96-1903-1907-11-15-22).
Wilson, James.
Biography of the Blind (1838).
REPORTS OF CONFERENCES
1883. York.
1890. Norwood.
1902. London.
1905. Edinburgh.
1908. Manchester.
1911. Exeter.
1914. London.
ARTICLES IN BOOKS AND MAGAZINES AND
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
Armitage, T. R.
Piano Tuning as Employment for the Blind (Journal of
Society of Arts, January, 1871).
Baker, C.
The Blind. Essay in the English Cyclopedia, 1859.
The Art of Relief Printing for the Blindfc Essay in the Poly-
technic Journal, 1840.
206 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Blackstock.
Plea for the Blind and Reprint of Evidence before Parliament-
ary Committee of Inquiry into the Working of the Poor Law
in Scotland (1856).
Blair, H. R.
The Education of the Blind. A paper read at a meeting of the
Association for Promoting Social Science, at Birmingham.
Buckle, A .
Report made to the Managing Committee of the School for the
Blind at York, on the International Congress for the
Amelioration of the Blind, held at Paris in 1878.
Dickens, Charles.
Account of the Institution for the Blind at Boston, in
American Notes, Vol. i (1842).
Leifde, J. de.
An Account of the Blind School at Illzach, near Mulhausen,
in The Romance of Charity (1867).
Prescott, W. H.
The Blind, in Biographical and Critical Essays (1855).
1774. The Education of the Blind, in The Edinburgh Magazine &
Review.
1825. Article in The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 95.
1828. Article in The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 98.
1828. Blindness, in the Oxford Encyclopedia, Vol. i.
1833. Education of the Blind, in The North American Review.
1837. Report on the Alphabets for the Blind in the Transactions
of the Royal Society of Arts (by W. Taylor).
1852. Report of the Jurors of the Great Exhibition of 1851, on
Printing for the Blind.
1854. The Blind, Their Works and Ways. Article in The
Edinburgh Review, January,
1860. The Blind. Article in the National Review for January.
1863. Article in The Social Science Report for May.
1865. Article in The Quarterly Review, No. 236.
GOVERNMENT AND OTHER OFFICIAL REPORTS
1873. Census of England and Wales. General Report, Vol. 4, page
54-
1876. Conclusions on the Instruction of Blind Children arrived at
by the School Management Committee of the School
Board for London.
1876. Report of a Special Committee of the Charity Organization
Society on the Training of the Blind.
1879. Statement on the General Question of the Blind, prepared
by a memb ( er of the Council of the Charity Organiza-
tion Society.
WORK FOR THE BLIND 207
1883. Census of England and Wales. General Report, Vol. 4,
page 60.
1889. Report of the Royal Commission on the Blind, Deaf, and
Dumb.
1917. Report of the Departmental Committee on the Welfare of
the Blind.
1922. Report of the Departmental Committee on the Causes and
Prevention of Blindness.
1918-19, 1919-20, 1921-22, 1922-23, 1923-24, 1924-26, 1926-27,
1928-29, 1930. First nine Reports of the Advisory Com-
mittee on the Welfare of the Blind, Ministry of Health.
1927. Handbook on the Welfare of the Blind, Ministry of Health.
1929. League of Nations Report on the Welfare of the Blind
in Various Countries.
1929. Report of the League of Red Cross Societies on the Pre-
vention of Blindness.
General
1925. Handbook for Home Teachers of the Blind.
LIST OF TRADES AND VOCATIONS
. NOTED IN CHRONOLOGY
BAMBOO Furniture Making
Basket Making
Book-keeping
Boot Making and Repairing
Botanist
Brick Making
Brush Making
CHAIR Caning
Clergy
Clerk
Coal Bag Making
Coffee Bag Making
Coil Winding
Composers
Cordmaking
DRESSMAKING
ELECTRICAL Coil Winding
FARMING
Furniture Making
HAIR Friction Glove Making
Plaiting
KNITTING by Hand
Needle Making
on Machines
MASSAGE
Mat Weaving
Mattress Making
Mechanic
Music
NETTING
ORGANISTS
PIANO Tuning
Poultry Rearing
ROPE Mat Making
SCULPTURE
Shampooing
Ship's Fenders
Shorthand
Solicitor
Sound Locating
Spinning
Stair Rod Making
Straw Plait Making
TELEPHONE Operating
Tile Making
Typewriting
UPHOLSTERING
WEAVING
Webbing, Manufacture of
Whip Making
Woodworking
209
LIST OF INSTITUTIONS AND
SOCIETIES IN LONDON
(OR HAVING THEIR HEADQUARTERS IN LONDON)
THOSE that are mentioned in the Chronology, but have now ceased
to exist, are marked with an asterisk.
After-care Association for Blind, Deaf, and Crippled Children.
* Alexandra Institution.
* Association for Establishing Workshops for the Blind.
* Association of Workers for the Blind.
Association of Workshops for the Blind.
Barclay Workshops for Blind Women.
Barnardo's Homes for Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Children.
Blind Employment Factory.
*Blind Female Annuity Society.
Blind Man's Friend Pension (or Day's Charity).
Blind Self-aid Tea Company.
Blind Social Aid and Literary Union.
Blind Tea Agency, Ltd.
*Blind Tuners' Federation.
Blind Women Workers' Annuity Fund.
Game's Charity.
Cecilia Home for Blind Women (formerly Phoenix Home for the
Blind).
Church Army Hostel for the Blind (Turner House) .
Clothworkers' Company.
College of Teachers of the Blind.
Cordwainers* Company.
Cranborne Memorial Fund.
Day's Charity (or Blind Man's Friend).
Drapers' Company.
East London Home and School for Blind Children.
*East London Workshop for the Blind.
*Ebury Street Classes for the Blind.
Elm Court School for the Blind.
*Elsing Spital.
Eyes to the Blind Pension Fund.
Eyes to the Blind Society (now part of the Barclay Workshops).
*Federation of Workshops for the Blind.
Gardner's Trust for the Blind.
Goldsmiths' Company.
212 CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Governesses' Benevolent Institution.
Granger's Charity.
Greater London Fund for the Blind .
Groom's Crippleage (formerly Watercress and Flower Girls'
Christian Mission).
Guild of Blind Gardeners.
Harley's Charity.
Hepburn Starey Blind Aid Society (formerly Somers Town Blind
Aid Society).
Home Teaching Society.
Howard's Charity.
Humston's Charity.
Incorporated Association for the General Welfare of the Blind.
Indigent Blind Visiting Society.
Institute of Massage.
Jewish Blind Society.
"Kilburn Home and School.
Linden Lodge School for the Blind.
* London and Blackheath Association for the Blind.
London Association for the Blind (formerly Surrey Association for
the Blind).
London County Council Schools for the Blind.
"London Knitting Industries.
London Society for Teaching and Training the Blind.
Lord Pension Fund.
Massage, National Institute of (now part of the National Institute
for the Blind).
Masseurs, Association of Certificated Blind.
Metropolitan Society for the Blind.
Middlesex Association for the Blind (Offices) .
National Blind Relief Society (formerly Christian Blind Relief
Society).
National Institute for the Blind (formerly British and Foreign
Blind Association).
National League of the Blind.
National Library for the Blind.
National Union of Professional and Industrial Blind.
North London Homes for Aged Christian Blind Men and Women.
Painter Stainers' Company.
Poor Adult Blind Pension Society.
Royal Blind Pension Society.
St. Dunstan's Hostel for Blinded Soldiers, Sailors, and Airmen.
"School for Children of the Upper Class, Barnes.
School for the Indigent Blind, Southwark (now Royal School for
the Blind, Leatherhead) .
WORK FOR THE BLIND 213
Servers of the Blind League (formerly Braille and Servers of the
Blind League) .
South Eastern and London Counties Association for the Blind
(formerly Metropolitan and Adjacent Counties Association).
South London Association for Assisting the Blind.
South London Institute (formerly Hampton's Mission).
Union 'of Counties Associations for the Blind (formerly Union of
Unions).
West London Workshops for the Blind (formerly Kensington
Institute).
West's Trust for the Blind.
Workshop for the Blind, Greenwich (formerly Workshop for the
Blind of Kent).
Young Women's Clfristian Association (does not now assist the
blind).
INDEX
The names of blind persons are marked with asterisks.
The index gives only first records of trades carried out by the blind.
AB BOTSKERS WELL Sunshine Home,
1 68
Aberdare Blind Welfare Com-
mittee, 149
Aberdeen Asylum for the Blind,
23, 9i
Town and County Associa-
tion for Teaching trfe Blind, 55
Accrington and District Institu-
tion for the Blind, 51, 100, 115
Acts of Parliament-*-
Blind Persons Act (1920),
139
Customs and Inland
Revenue Act (1878), 54
Education Acts, 68, 71, 80,
86, 100, 103, 117, 131,
144
Local Government Act
(1929), 171
Midwives Act (1902), 184
Poor Law Acts, 3, 24, 36,
43. 56
Post Office (Literature for
the Blind) Act (1906), 97
Public Health Act (1925),
185
Wireless Telegraphy (Blind
Persons Facilities) Act
(1926), 162
Advisory Committee on the Wel-
fare of the Blind
England, 129, 132, 136,
162, 168
Ireland, 132
Scotland, 132
After-care Association fqr Blind,
Deaf, and Crippled Children,
London, 95
Albucasis of Cordova, 180
Alcmaeon of Crotona, 179
Alexandra Institution for the
Blind, London, 36
Ali, Ben Isa, 180
Allen, Dr. Edward, 175
Alloa, 39
Alpino, Prosper, 180
Alston, John, 20, 21
type, 17, 1 8, 20, 47
writing frame, 21
America, 16, 17, 21, 44, 55, 60, 70,
82, 86, 93, 97, 103, 112, 117, 123,
M4. 175
American Foundation for the
Blind, 144, 173
Printing House for the
Blind, 93
Amsterdam, Conference at, 63
Institution, 12
Anagnos, Michael, 97
Apollonius of Memphis, 179
Apparatus, 5, 9, 13, 1 8, 64, 70, 89,
101, 115, 132
Argentine, Work for the Blind in,
69, 136
Arithmetic Board, 5, 9, 13, 18
Armagh, Macan Asylum, 27
*Armitage, Dr., 16, 43, 48, 61, 68,
81,89
, Mrs. 84, 89
, Miss, 121
Fund for Employment of
Blind Workers, London,
121
Indigent Blind Visiting
Society Fund, 121
Memorial Fund, 81
- Arnold, Miss, 60, 92, 102
Carriage Fund, 102
Arthur Hawksley Pension Fund,
Leatherhead, 116
Ashton-under-Lyne, Stalybridge,
Dukinfield, and District Home
Teaching Society, 61
Association of Certificated Blind
Masseurs, 138, 150, 155
for Establishing Work-
shops for the Blind,
London, 40
for the General Welfare of
the Blind. See Incorpor-
ate^ Association, etc.
of Workers for the Blind,
124
215
2l6
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Austin, Ethel Winifred, 134, 143
Australia, 57, 58, 62, 80, 86, 132,
136
Austria, n
BAB&S, 184
Bacup: Rossendale Society for
Visiting and Instructing the
Blind, 68, 98 <
Bag-making, 40, 118, 174
Bailey Bequest, 134
Bainbrigge, Major-General, 53
Bamboo furniture-making (Bel-
fast), 69
Bangor, North Wales Home
Teaching Society, 60
Barbier, Charles, 14, 27
Barcelona, School at, 14
Barclay Home and School,
Brighton, 72, 80, 82, 92,
94, 95, 98, 120, 149, 165,
168, 175
Workshops for Blind Women,
London, 88, 95, 99, 116, 137,
143, 147, 150, 154, 160, 172
Barlow's Charity, Leicester, 64
*Barnard, Rev. T., 97
Barnardo's Homes for Deaf,
Dumb, and Blind Children,
London, 105
Barnsley a^d District Associa-
tion for the Blind, 44
Barrow and District Society for
the Blind, 152, 157
Barth, Joseph, 181
Bartisch, Georg, 180
Basket-making (Liverpool), 9
Bates Charity, Croydon, 136
Bath Blind School Home, 29, 77
Home Teaching Society, 107
Institution for the Blind,
Deaf, and Dumb, 25, 29
Batley: Dewsbury, Batley, and
District Institution for the
Blind, 133, 140
Batty, Mr. and Mrs. J. H., 145
Bayeux, France, i
Beacon, The, 130
Bedfordshire County Association,
140, 165
Belfast Association for the Em-
ployment of the Industri-
ous Blind, 46, 56, 61, 62,
69, 84, 104 t
Society for Home Mission
Work, 64
Belfast, Ulster Society for Promot-
ing the Education of the Deaf,
Dumb, and Blind (formerly
Ulster Institution for the Deaf
and Blind), 16
Belgium, 2
Bennett, W. H., 126, 164
Berkshire County Blind Society,
109, 149
, Yarnold's Charity, 15
Berlin, Conference at, 56, 78
Bexley School for the Upper and
Middle Classes, 94
Bible in Alston type, 21
Bird Annuities, Leatherhead, 15
Birkenhead Society for the Blind,
80, 108
Birmingham, Conference at, 73
Royal Institution for the
BlinJ, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30,
32, 39, 47, 57, 7i> 77' 82 ,
84, 89, 91,94, 99, 104, 117,
118, 136, 170, 171
, Stevenson Trust, William,
104
, Walsall, and Wolverhamp-
ton Joint Trading Committee ,
128
Blackburn and Darwen Society
for the Blind, 58
and District Workshops for
the Blind, 104
*Blacklock, Thomas, 5
Blackpool and Fylde Society for
the Blind, 159
Blair, Rev. R. S., 41
Blanesburgh, Lord, 168
Blind Advocate, The, 79
Babies, 50, 70, 74, 116, 132,
156, 158, 168, 175
Citizen, The, 146
Employment Factory, Lon-
don, 10, 88, 150
- Female Annuity Society,
London, 52, 73
Gardeners, Guild of, 82
Man's Friend (Day's) Char-
ity, 3, 18
Persons Act (1920), 139
Self -Aid Tea Company, 105
Social Aid and Literary
Union, 108
Tea Agency, Ltd., London,
70
, The, 79
Tuners' Federation, 87
WORK FOR THE BLIND
217
Blind Women Workers' Annuity
Fund, 1 02
Blinded Soldiers, Pensions for,
131
Blindness, definition of, 71, 164
*Blott, Miss, 60
Bloxam, Miss, 71
Board .of Education, 84, 120
*Bolam, Canon C. E., 175
Bolton Workshops and Homes for
the Blind, 41, 107, 118, 144
Bombay, American Mission
School, 82
Book-keeping by the Blind (Bir-
mingham), 77
Boot-repairing, 89, 122
Boston and Holland Blind Society
(formerly Boston Blind
Society), 128, 140
Home for Women, 157
Botanist, Blind, 98
Bournemouth Blind Aid Society
(formerly Bournemouth and
District Blind Aid Society), 112,
120, 153
Boyle, Arthur, 90
, G. R., 89
Bradford, Day Schools for the
Blind, 63, 77
, Odsal School, 123
Royal Institution for the
Blind (formerly Bradford
Home Teaching Society),
34, 36, 43, 50, 62, 72,
86, 90, 98, 104, 107, ii2,
127, 140, 157
Bradshaw, E. V., 177
Braille and Servers of the Blind
League (see Servers of the
Blind League)
, Louis, 14, 16, 27
Packet, The, 93
Radio Times, 167
Review, The, 91
System
America, use in, 44, 55
Australia, use in; 58
British Committee, 97
China, use in, 56
Educational books, 101
Electrical press, 114, 177
Hall writer, 70
Hebrew code, 124
Interliner, 101
Music, 48, 54, 67, 83, 85, 90,
109, 151, 166, 173
Braille System (contd.)
Periodicals (see under
"Periodicals" in index
for detailed list)
Printing press, 69, 114, 177
Schools, early use in, 35,
47. 5i, 57, 59, 63
Shirreff, 66
Shorthand system, 77, 82,
Stainsby Wayne machines,
82, 89, 101
Stereotyped plates, 88
Bramhall, Miss Winifred, 161
Brecon Association for the Blind,
168
Breslau, conference at, 84
Brick- and tile-making (Marks
Tey), 163
Bright, Rev. Henry, 58
Brighton
Barclay Home and School,
72, 80, 82, 92, 94, 95, 98,
120, 149, 165, 168, 175
Blind Missionary Fund, 57,
107
Moon Pension Fund, 112
Society (formerly
Moon Institute), 25, 120,
National Institute Home,
123
St. Dunstan's (Branch), 129
School for the Blind, 22, 92
Society for Welfare of the
Blind (formerly Blind Re-
lief and Visiting Society) ,
36,73, 107, 112, 140, 153
Brisseau, Pierre, 181
Bristol-
Home for Blind Women,
50, 94, 141
Teaching Association,
29, 101
Kempe's Trust, 28
Leir Fund, 129
Merlott's Charity, 7
Royal Blind Asylum or
School of Industry, 9, n,
19, 28, 29, 92, 101, 112,
136, 141, 160, 175
British and Foreign Blind
Association (see National
Institute for the Blind)
Winftess for the Blind Fund,
174
218
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY -OF
Broadcast appeal, 169
Brown, G. C., 119
Bruges, Hospice at, 2
Brush -making, 30, 39, 41
Brussels, conference at, 87
Buckle, Anthony, 84
Buckinghamshire Association for
the Blind, 112
King Edwarfl Memorial
Fund, 118
Buckinghamshire, Tyringham
Club Blind Pension Fund, 141
Burnley and District Society for
the Blind, 60, 162
Burnett, Miss, 71, 161
Bury Society for the Blind (for-
merly Bury, Civilian Blind Com-
mittee), 129, 149
CAEN, France, i
Caius Silvius Tetricus, 180
Cambridge Society for the Blind,
ii3, M5
Game's Charity, London, 10
*Campbell, Sir Francis, 48, 116,
122
, Guy, 64, 107, 109, 116, 122
Campion, Hon. Mrs., 72, 165
Canada, 104, 127, 132
Canterbury School for the Blind,
35
Cappadocia, f
Cardano, Girolimo, 3
Cardiff Institute for the Blind
(formerly Cardiff Association
for the Blind), 38, 42, 43, 47,
61, 64, 74, 78, 108, 118, 124, 145
Cardiganshire Association for the
Blind, 141
Carlisle, Cumberland and West-
morland Home and Workshops
for the Blind (formerly Carlisle
and Cumberland Association for
promoting the reading of the
Holy Scriptures), 28, 48, 56, 160
Carmarthenshire Blind Society,
33, 150
Caswell Bay, Glyn Vivian Home,
101
Catholic Blind Asylum, Liverpool,
22, 25, 29, 33, 47, 85, 160, 175
Causes and Prevention of Blind-
ness, Committee on, 185
Cecilia Home for Blind Women,
London (formerly 1 Phoenix
Home), 38
Census (1851-1911), 26, 35, 47,
58,69,84,113
Central Buying and Selling, 62
Centralization of Collections, 141,
153, 162
Chair-caning, 30
Channels of Blessing, 81
Charity Organization Society, 50
Charles Randell Annuity Fund,
Leatherhead, 59
Chartres, France, 2
Cheltenham, Workshops for the
Blind (previously Chel-
tenham Home Teaching
Society), 30, 35, 36, 39,
75, I53 165
St. Duastan's Hostel, 141
Cherbourg, France, i
Chesleden, William, 181
Chess, 6, 87
Chester, National Institute Home,
145, 168
Society for the Home Teach-
ing of the Blind, 51, 104
Chigwell United Charities, Essex,
ii
Child Memorial Home, Wakefield,
159
China, 56, 186
Choir, Blind, 14, 26
Chorley Wood College, 145
Sunshine Home, 132,
168, 175
Christian Blind Relief Society (see
National Blind Relief Society)
Church Army Hostel, London,
H3
Messenger, The, 76
Claremont Central Mission, Lon-
don, 87
Clergy, Blind, 118
Pensions, 7
Clerk, Blind, 66
Cleveland and Durham Institute
for the Blind, Middlesbrough,
79, 90, 161
Clifton, John (Oundle), 5
Clothworkers' Company, London,
3, 5, 12, 18, 66, 67, 81, 102, 108,
114, 121, 137, 169
Coal-bags, making of, 118
Cockermouth, Hudson's Charity,
48
Coil-winding (New York), 129
Colchester Home Teaching Soci-
ety, 52
WORK FOR THE BLIND
219
College of Teachers of the Blind,
102
Collett's Charity, Hemel Hemp-
stead, 13
Collinet, Maria, 181
Colne Blind Prevention and Aid
Society, 90
Clinic for Children, 185
Cologne, Conference at, 67
Compulsory Education in New
York State, 112
Comrades, in
Conferences-
Amsterdam, 63
Berlin, 56, 78
Birmingham, 73
Breslau, 84 *
Brussels, 87
China, 127
Cologne, 67 *
Derby, 118
Dresden, 52
Edinburgh, 94
Exeter, 113
Frankfort, 60
Hamburg, 101
Indianapolis, 47
Kiel, 69
London, 63, 87, 120, 124, 141
Manchester, 99, 104
Milan, 84
Munich, 74
Naples, 1 08
Norwood, 69
Paris, 56, 82, 173
Vienna, 49, 171
York, 6 1
Copenhagen Institution for the
Blind, 13, 31
*Corbett, Samuel, 94
Corbett's Charity, Worcester, 100
Cord-making, 8
Cordwainers' Company, London,
10
Cork City and County Asylum for
the Blind, 21 ,
, St. Raphael's Home, 65
Cornwall County Association for
the Blind (formerly Corn-
wall Home Teaching Soci-
ety), 29, 162
, Dowager Lady Robinson's
Fund, 29, 95
Counties Associations for the
Blind (see Union of Counties
Associations)
County Asylum Fund, Leather-
head, 8 1
Coventry Society for the Blind, 55
Cowley, R. G., 171
Craigmillar Harp, The, 75
Cranborne, Viscount, 32
Memorial Fund, 99
Cred6 of Leipzig, 182
Croydon, Bales' Charity, 136
Voluntary Association for
the Blind, 153, 157, 160
Cumberland and Westmorland
Home and Workshops for tne
Blind, Carlisle, 28, 48, 56, 160
Cunliffe, Sir Ellis, 165
Cureton, Harry Osborne, 19
Customs and Inland Revenue Act
(i8?8), 54
Cycling for the blind, 66
Daily Mail, The (Braille Edition),
99
d'Albe, Fournier, 115
Darlington Society for the Blind,
105, 157
Workshop for the Blind, 145
Daviel, Jacques (France), 181
Dawn, 64, 159
Day-centre for the blind (U.S.A.),
82
Day's Charity, 3, 18
Deaf -blind, Morse c6de for, 132
, Stainsby Wayne Writer for,
89
Deas, J. H. Charlton, 112
Defective Blind, Schools and
Homes for, 91, 92, in,
161, 177
Children, Committee on, 87
Demonstration in Trafalgar
Square, 141
Demosthenes the Oculist, 180
Dence, Rev. A. T., 168
Denmark, 13, 31
Den ward's Charity, Kent, n
Departmental Committee, 1 20,
129
Deptford and District Society for
the Blind, London, 71
Derby Association for the Blind,
121
, Conference at, 118
Devon County Association for the
Blind (formerly Devon County
Home Teaching Society), 108,
133
22O
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Devon (see North Devon and
South Devon)
Devonport and Western Counties
Association for the Blind, 33,
*73
Dewsbury, Batley, and District
Institution for the Blind, 133,
140
Diack, Sir Alexander 163, 169
Dictaphone, Use of, 66
Directory of agencies for the Blind,
47, 65
*Dixson, W. A., 143, 155
Dog guides, 145, 160, 163
license, exemption from, 54
Doncaster and District Home
Teaching Association, 49
Dorothy Wilson's Charity, York, 5
Dorset County Association for the
Blind, 133
Douglas-Hamilton, Miss L., 88
Dow, Blind Writers' Fund, 102
Mrs. (n&e Howden), 60, 102
Dowager Lady Robinson's Fund,
Cornwall, 29, 95
Drapers' Company, London, 8
Dresden, conference at, 52
Dressmaking for the Blind
(Canada), 132
Dublin-
Dublin Association for the
Relief of the Indigent
Blind, 30
Irish Association for the
Blind, 146
National Institute and
Molyneux Asylum, 13
Richmond Institution, 12,
52,92
Rochford Wade Hostel, 145
St. Joseph's Asylum,
Drumcondra, 32
St. Mary's Catholic Asylum
for the Female Blind, 31,
65
St. Vincent's Home, 31
Simpson's Hospital, 7
Dumfries and Galloway Society
for the Blind, 60
*Duncombe, Mrs. Adolphus, 82
Dundee
Dundee Mission to the Out-
door Blind, 56
Royal Institution for the
Blind, 38, 63, 78, 101,
121, 124
Dundee (contd.)
Webster and Davidson
Mortification, 21
Durham, Northern Counties
Blind Society, 62, 73
EAGAR, W. McG., 169
East Anglian School for Blind
Children, Gorleston-on-Sea, 115
East Grinstead Sunshine Home,
168, 175
Ham Welfare Association
for the Blind, 153
London Home and School
for Blind Children,
50
Workshops for the
Blind, 114
Suffolk Association for the
Blind 123, 156, 174
Sussex Association for the
Blind, 149
Eastbourne Society for the Social
Welfare of the Blind, no,
146
Eastern Counties Association for
the Blind (formerly Eastern
Counties Union), 106
Ebury Street Classes for the
Blind, London, 29
Edinburgh
Club for the Blind, 78
Conference, 94
Edinburgh and South-East
Scotland Society for
Teaching the Blind, 30,
95, 116, 175
Home for Blind Women, 15,
53, i?i
Royal Blind Asylum and
School for the Blind
(formerly Asylum for the
Industrious Blind), 9, n,
J 5, 4 8 53 6 3 66, 69,
73, 75, 77, 9i, 92, 95,
IOT, 124, 154, 171
School for Blind Children,
18, 26
Scottish National Institu-
tion for Blinded Soldiers
and Sailors, 124, 169
Society of Arts, 16
Edison Bell Phonograph, use of,
66
Education (Blind and Deaf
Children) Act (1893), 71, 73
.WORK FOR THE BLIND
221
Education (Defective Children)
Act (1899), 80
Act, Secondary (1902), 86
Act (1918), 131
(1921), 144
(Administrative Provision)
Act (1907), 100
f Blind and Deaf Children
(Scotland), Act (1890), 68
(Scotland) Acts (1908, 1913,
1918), 103, 117, 131
, Grants for, 120
, Higher (see Chorley Wood,
Norwood, Worcester)
Effingham Home for Blind
Women, 171
Egypt, 78, 84
Eichholz, Dr., 84
Elliott Bequest, Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, 116
Elm Court School for Girls, Lon-
don, 88, 129
Elsing Spital, London, 2
Emanuel Charity, York, 7
Embossed Scientific Books Fund,
101, 167
Employment bureau, 87
Erlich, Paul, 184
Esperanto, 108, iio.c'
Essex, Chigwell United Charities,
ii
County Association for the
Blind, 91, 141, 158, 169
Eustis, Mrs. Harrison, 163
Evans, Dr. P. M., 137, 153, 162
Exeter, conference at, 113
, West of England Institution
for the Blind (formerly Exeter
Indigent Blind School), 19, 20,
21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 32, 36, 42, 44,
65, 90, 101, 108, 118
Ex-Service Men's Fund, 154
Eyes to the Blind Pension Fund,
London, 150
to the Blind Society, Lon-
don, 88, 150, 1^4
FARMER, Rachel, 13
Farming for the blind (Australia),
80
Fawcett, Henry, 54
Memorial Scholarship, 66
Fender-making, 62, 118, 164
Ferguson Bequest, Dundee, 121
Fife and Kinross Society for Teach-
ing the Blind, Kirkcaldy, 38
Forfarshire Mission to the Blind,
44
Forster, Rev. S. S., 49, 68
Foucault, M., 26
France, i, 2, 8, 58, 61, 123, 127
Frankfort, conference at, 60
*Fraser, Captain Ian, 130, 174
Frere, James, 19, 40
type, AO, 47
Fry, Dr. K., 17
Fry's type, 1 7
Fuchs, Ernst, 183, 186
Fuller's Charity, Sussex, 10
Fullers' Company, London, 3
Furniture-making (Manchester) ,
172
*GALE, James, 34
Gall, James, 15, 18
type, 15
Gallagher, Miss, 76, 155
Garaway, Miss M. M. R., 124
Gardeners, Guild of Blind, 82
Gardner, Henry, 57
Gardner's Trust, 10, 57, 62, 65, 78,
79, 87, 89, 100, 101, 105, 147
*Gatti, Francisco, 69
George Barker Memorial, Oxford,
96
Phillips' Trust, Northamp-
ton, 81
Walthew Bluest, Stock-
port, in
Germany, i, n
Ghent, Hospice at, 2
Gibraltar, Blind of, 175
*Gilbert, Elizabeth, 28, 29, 44,
63
Glamorgan Association for the
Blind, 154
Institution for the Blind, 171
Glasgow Mission to the Outdoor
Blind of Glasgow and the
West of Scotland, 32
Royal Asylum for the Blind,
ii, 15, 57. So, 95. 115
, St. Vincent's Schools, 46,
H3
Workshop for Ex-service
Men, 169
Glass-makers, Guild of (Venice),
1 80
Glaucoma, treatment of, 182
Gloucester City Society for the
BAnd, 113
, Wintle's Charity, 24
222
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY .OF
Gloucestershire Association for the
Blind, 133, 165
, Gyde's Charity, 73
Glyn Vivian Home, Caswell Bay,
101
Godwin's Charity, Hemel Hemp-
stead, 72
Goldsmiths' Company, London,
13. 19
Gonnelli, Giovani, 4'
Gorleston-on-Sea, East Anglian
School for Blind Children, 115
Gospel Light in Heathen Darkness,
75
Governesses' Benevolent Institu-
tion, 23
Gower, Bishop Henry de, 2
Granger's Charity, London, 8
Gray, Mrs. (nee Western), 83, 85
Greater London Fund, 147, 165,
1 66, 169
Greenwich Workshop (see Kent)
Griffiths, Rev. E. IL, 163
Grimsby Society for the Blind,
141
Grimwood, Miss, 93
Groom's Crippleage and Flower
Girls' Mission (formerly Water-
cress and Flower Girls' Christian
Mission), 40
Guernsey Association for the
Blind, 142 (
Guide to Institutions and Charities
for the Blind, 47, 113
Gyde Charity, Gloucester, 73
HAAB of Zurich, 184
Hair friction glove-making (New-
castle), 21
plaiting (York), 23
Halifax Society for the Blind
(formerly Halifax Society for
Home Teaching and Assistance
for the Blind), 65, 146
*Hall, H. L., 93
Braille-writer, 70
Hallet, Mr., 78
Hamburg, Conference at, 101
Hampshire and Isle of Wight
School for the Blind, 38
Association for the Blind,
150
Hampstead Magazine, 91
Hampton's Mission for the Blind,
London (see South London
Institute for the Blindji
Hanley, Stoke-on -Trent and North
Staffs. Committee for the Blind,
77, 87, 102
Hardy, Rev. C. F., 127
Harley's Charity, London, 22
Harman, Bishop, 185
Harris, Rev. S. F., 108
, William, 31, 47, 113
Harrogate and District Society for
the Blind, 146
Harry Osborne Cureton Charity,
19
Harry Weedon Memorial Fund,
1 66
HarsdorfTer, George, 4
Hartlepool, Care of the Blind in,
133
Workshop, 149, 157
Hartley, Charles, 137
Hastings, Fund for the Blind of,
108
Voluntary Association for
the Blind, 146
Haiiy, Valentin, 8, 12
Hawksley Pension Fund, Leather-
head, 116
Hawley, George, 172
Haynes Charity, Oxford, n
Hemel Hempstead, Collet's Char-
ity, 13
, Miss Godwin's Charity,
72
*Hendry, Andrew, 62, 132
Henshaw, Thomas, 12
Henshaw's Institution for the
Blind, Manchester, 12, 18, 23,
24, 26, 35, 53, 59, 66, 70, 71, 74,
88, 92, 96, in, 119, 126, 148,
166, 172, 176
Hepburn Starey Blind Aid Soci-
ety, London (formerly Somers-
Town Blind Aid Society), 38,
125, 154
Heredity and blindness, 183
Hereford County Association for
the Blind, 137
Herophilos of Chalcedon, 179
Hertfordshire Society for the
Blind, 124
Hetherington's Charity, London r
6
Heywood, Miss Isabel, 83, 99, 119
High Salvington Home for the
Blind, 127
Hill, Rev. J. St. Clair, 102, 105,
163
WORK FOR THE BLIND
223
Hill Murray, Rev. W., 56
- Hirst, Alfred, 58, 75, 100
Hodgkin, Misses, 67, 173
Holden, James, 96
Holland, 12
"Hollins, Alfred, 66
Home Teachers, Prize for, 169
Teaching Society, London,
28, 125, 128
Hor a Jucunda, 73
Horizon, The, 151
Hove Home for the Blind, no
Howard's Charity, London, 28
Howe Memorial Press, 97
Huddersfield and District Blind
Society, 29
Workshop for Mien, 82
Hudson's Charity, Cockermouth,
48
Hughes' typograph, 26
Hull and East Riding Institute for
the Blind (formerly Hull
Home Teaching Society),
37, 40, 45, 62, 63, 78, 80,
98
, Rockliffe Home for Women,
80
Humston's Charity, London, 6
Huntingdonshire Society for the
Blind, 150
ILLINGWORTH, W. H., 66, 69, 92
Illinois Institution, U.S.A., 70
Incorporated Association for the
General Welfare of the Blind,
London, 29, 40, 53, 69, 137,
165
India, 66, 82, 85, 113, 130, 137
Indian Association of Workers,
130
Indianapolis, conference at, 47
Indigent Blind Visiting Society,
London, 17, 71, 155, 177
Information with regard to In-
stitutions, Societies, and Classes
for the Blind, 65
*Ingham, John, 51
Ink-print periodicals (see under
"Periodicals ")
Inspectors, Ministry of Health,
139, 161, 164
Inverness, Northern Counties In-
stitute for the Blind (formerly
Society for Teaching the Blind
to Read in the Northern Coun-
ties), 43, 49, 59, 65
Ipswich Society for the Blind
(formerly Ipswich and Suffolk
Institution), 50, 142, 156, 158,
i?4
Ireland (see Armagh, Belfast,
Cork, Dublin, Limerick)
Isle of Ely Society for the Blind,
154
of Wight Society for the
Benefit of me Blind, 72
Italy, 3, 114
*JACOB of Netra, Blind, 7
James Holden Trust, Manchester,
96
Mew's Charity, London, 114
Jamieson Holiday Home, Kirklis-
ton, 30, 116
Pension Fund, 30, 95
Jane Stobie Clark Pension Fund,
Edinburgh, 63
Japan, 55
Jeffrey, D. A. R., 78
Jenner, Edward, 181
Jerusalem School for the Blind,
75
Jewish Blind Society, London
(formerly Institution for the
Relief of the Indigent Blind of
the Jewish Persuasion), 14
John the Good (France), 2
Johnson, Edmund, ^2, 74
(Edmund) annuities, 74
, Harriet, 56
, Stuart, 32, 107
Johnston, Rev. D., 9, 15
Jonathan Williams Annuities,
Leatherhead, 38, 39
Jones, Sir Robert, Bart., 150
Journal of Incorporated Society of
Trained Masseurs, 126
Julia Short Annuity Fund, 102
KAHN, Otto, 125
Keighley and District Institution
for the Blind, no
Kempe's Trust, Bristol, 28
Kensington Institute, London (see
"West London Workshops")
Kent County Association, 142
, Elizabeth Denward's Char-
ity, n
, Workshop for the Blind of
(Greenwich), 53, 70, 172
Kesteven Blind Society, 142
Key to Braille Music Notation, 166
224
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Kiel, conference at, 69
Kilburn Home and School,
London, 45
King Edward Memorial Fund,
Buckingham, 118
King's Messenger, The, 75
Kirkcaldy : Fife and Kinross Soc-
iety for Teaching the Blind, 38
Kirkliston, 30, 116
Knitting, hand, 3, 88
, machine, 88, 89, 118
Knitting-needle making, 158
Koller, Aureb and Carl (Vienna),
183
LAMB, Miss, 75
*Lambert, Alderman, 37
Lanark, St. Vincent's Schools and
Hostel, 46, 113
Lancaster Society for the Blind,
102
*Layton, P. F., 104
League of Nations Report on the
Welfare of the Blind, 172
Leamington Home for Women, 168
Sunshine Home, 158
Leatherhead, Royal School for the
Blind (see also School for the
Indigent Blind, London), 10,
59, 74, 88, 114, 116, 138, 163,
171
Leeds Blind* Persons Act Com-
mittee, 165
Visiting Society, 57
City Council, 154, 169
Embossed Books Fund, 121
Incorporated Institution for
the Blind, Deaf, and Dumb
(formerly Institution for the In-
dustrious and Indigent Blind),
40. 53, 57. 59, 146* 165
Lees, Miss M., 92
Leicester, Barlow's Charity, 64
, Leicestershire and Rutland
Incorporated Institution
for the Blind (formerly
Leicester Association for
Promoting the General
Welfare of the Blind),
31, 42, 53, 60, 113, 142,
*54
, Wycliffe Cottage Home and
Hostel, 65
Leicester, Wycliffe Society, 72
Leir Fund, Bristol, 129
Leitch, John, n
Lesueur, Franois, 8
Letter-Friend Society for Blind
Children, 144
Library, Free Public, 64
, Massage, 143
, National (see National
Library)
, Students', 78, 100
Life Insurance, 133
Light Bringer, The, 122
to the Blind, 130
Lighthouses for the Blind, France,
123
Limerick Asylum for Blind
Females, 17
Lincoln Blind Society, 142
Lincolnshire Blind Association,
121, 142
Linden Lodge School for the
Blind, London, 58, 88
Lindsey Society for the Blind,
150
Lister, Sir J., 182
Literary Journal, The, 114
Little, John Fletcher, 122
Liverpool, Catholic Blind Asylum,
22, 25, 29, 33, 47, 85, 160,
175
Home for Blind Children, 50,
70, 74, 116
School for the Indigent
Blind, 9, 10, 13, 14, 26,
78
Workshops and Home
Teaching Society, 33, 35, 42, 76,
80, 108, 137, 142
Llandevaud Home for the Blind,
sy
Workshops, IIQ
Lloyd Johnstone, Dr. J., 143
Llwynypia, Rhondda Institution,
143, 174
Local Government Act (1929), 171
(Scotland), Act (1929),
171
Board, 120, 129
Locker-Lampson, G., 136
t London
London and Blackheath Associa-
tion, 19
f Societies and Institutions in London are given throughout the Index
in alphabetical order, but in addition a list is given on page 211.
WORK FOR THE BLIND
225
London Association for the Blind
(formerly Surrey Associa-
tion for the Blind), 30,
no, 118, 127, 130, 134,
!3 8 i43 M 6 . 158, 163,
169
conferences in, 63, 87, 120,
124, 141
County Council, 88, 92, no,
176 '
Institute of Massage, 83, 105
knitting industries, 129
School Board, 71
Society for Teaching and
Training the Blind, 19, 22, 25,
26, 35, 37. 54. 67 7. 73. 81,
91, IIO, Il6, 122, 125, 138, 147,
150, 157, 159, 160, 165, 170
Lord Dinner Fund, 105
Pension Func 1 , 105
Louis Braille, Le, 61
Louis IX of France, i
Lovett, F. R., 164, 172
Lowe, Arthur, 170
*Lowther, Charles, 14
Lucas, Francisco (of Spain), 3
type, 19, 22, 47, 57, 70
Luton, South Bedfordshire Soci-
ety for the Blind (formerly
Luton and District Committee) ,
136, 140, 151, 165
MACAN Asylum, Armagh, 27
Macclesfield Home Teaching
Society, 52
Macgregor, E. D., 164
Prize Fund, 169
McHardy, Prof., 105
McNeile, Rev. N. F., 124
Madras, Music Class for the Blind,
85
Magnet, use of, 181, 184
Maldon, Middleton Home, 147,
155
Manchester
Conferences at, 9,9, 104
Henshaw's Institution for
the Blind, 12, 18, 23, 24,
26, 35. 53, 59. 66, 70, 71,
74, 88, 92, 96, in, 119,
126, 148, 166, 172, 176
James Holden Trust, 96
Manchester and Salford
Blind Aid Society, 83,
85, 88, 97, 106, 135, 148,
158
Manchester (contd. )
Mary Ann Scott Memorial
Home, in
National Library (North-
ern Branch), 135
Maps for the Blind, 6, 89
Marks Tey, Essex, 163
Martin, T. H., 109, 125
Mary Had^y Pension Fund,
Birmingham, 117
Massage first taught, 74
, Institute of, 83, 105, 122, 125
Library, 143
Masseurs, Association of Certifi-
cated Blind, 138, 150, 155
Mather, Mrs. (nie Holt), 93, 123
Mat loom, 158
- -making, 15
Matilda Ziegler Magazine, 103
Mattress-making, 95, in
Maxwell, Sister Mary, 47
*Mayhew, P. T., 173
Mechanic, blind, 90
*Meiklejon, Miss Alice, 91, in
Melbourne Library for the Blind,
136
Memmingen, Bavaria, i
Merivale, Miss Judith, 158
Merlott's Charity, Bristol, 7
*Merrick, Francis, 87
Merridan, W. J., 176
Merthyr Tydfil Institution for the
Blind, 155, 172
Metropolitan and Adjacent Coun-
ties Association for the
Blind (formerly Union of
Institutions, Societies and
Agencies for the Blind).
See "South Eastern and
London Counties Associa-
tion for the Blind"
Society for the Blind, Lon-
don, 172
Middlesbrough, Cleveland and
South Durham Workshops for
the Blind, 79, 90, 161
Middlesex Association for the
Blind, 151
Middleton Home for the Blind,
Sou then d-on-Sea (later Maldon) ,
76, 147, 155
Midland Counties Association for
the Blind (formerly Mid-
land Counties Union), 106,
15-$, 170
Institution (see Nottingham)
226
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Mid wives' Act, 184
Milan, conference at, 84
Ministering Children's League, 78
Ministry of Health (see also "Ad-
visory Committee"), 129, 138,
148, 161, 164, 172, 185
Mission Field, The, 93
Mitford, Northern Counties Blind
Society, 48, 62 <
Moldenhawer, Johann, 31
Molison, Mr. and Mrs., 38, 63
Monk, Miss Phyllis, 145
Montreal Association and Work-
shops for the Blind, 104
Moody 's Charity, Southsea, 106
Moon, Adelaide, 120
* , Dr. William, 25, 36, 60, 73,
120
, Robert, 93
Pension Fund, 112, 120
Society, Brighton, 25, 120,
151
type, 25, 47, 63, 73, 93
Magazine, 99
Newspaper, 151
Moreau, Pierre, 4
Moslems, Mission to Blind, 119
*Mowatt, Godfrey, 96, 131, 132,
150
Moyes, Dr., 9
Munby, F. J.^52, 99, 107, 123
Joseph, 52, 107
Munich, conference at, 74
Museum of "Blindiana," 176
Museums and the blind, 112
Music, Braille notation, 48, 54, 67,
83, 85, 90, 151, 166,
!?3
, International Congress in
Paris (1929)* 173
, Lucas notation, 25
Tutor in Braille type, 85
Musicians, International Associa-
tion of, 103
Mysore School for the Blind,
Deaf, and Dumb, 85
NAPLES, conference at, 108
Nasmyth, James, 71
National Blind Relief Society
(formerly Christian Blind
Relief Society), 23, 163
Institute for the Blind
(formerly British a^d Foreign
Blind Association)
After-care Department, 143
National Institute for the Blind
(contd.)
*Armitage, Dr. T. R., 43,
68
Blind Visiting Society
Fund, 121
Fund for Employ-
ment of Blind
Workers, 121
Memorial Fund, 81
Bailey Bequest, 134
*Bolam, Canon, 175
Braille, introduction of,
43
music, 48, 90, 128,
151, 166
peripdicals, 59, 70,
75, 99, 109, in, 114,
119, 126, 135, 167, 176
Brighton Home, 123, 129
Chester Home, 145, 168
Chorley Wood College, 145
Clifton Home, Bristol, 141
Collections, Centralization
of, 162
Conference on Educational
Books, 124
Diack, Sir Alexander, 163
Eagar, W. McG., 169
Employment bureau, 87
Ex-service Men's Fund, 154
Foundation (1868), 43
Gardeners, Guild of Blind,
82
Greater London Fund, 147,
165
Headquarters, 87, 121
H.M. King George V, 121
Home Teaching Society,
28, 125, 128
Workers' Scheme,
147, 170
Hostels for Women, Lon-
don, 130, 166, 169
Ink-print music, 148, 166
InVprint periodicals, 91,
130
Leamington Home for
Women, 168
Leeds Embossed Books
Fund, 121
McHardy, Prof., 105
Mansion House Meeting,
108
Massage Department, 105,
122, 125, 143
WORK FOR THE BLIND
227
National Institute for the Blind
contd.)
Moon Branch, 25, 120
*Mowatt, G., 150
Museumof"Blindiana,"i76
*Pearson, Sir A., 122, 125,
126, 148, 155
Printing (High speed), 114,
177
*Ranger; Sir A. Washing-
ton, 134, 154
Rotary press, 177
St. Dunstan's, 125, 129, 151
St. Leonards Convalescent
and Holiday Home, 162
Shorthand, Braille, 115
Stainsby, Hen*y, 105, 160
Meniorial Gift Fund,
163
Stereotyped elates, 48, 88
Sunshine Homes, 132, 156,
158, 168, 175
Taylor, H. M., 124, 167
*Towse, Sir Beachcroft,
X 54 J 55 168, 169
Travelling secretary, no
National Institute of Massage,
105, 122
League of the Blind, 72, 79,
151
Library for the Blind, 60,
85, 92, 102, 108, 127, 128,
134, 135, 143, 163, 166
Ophthalmic Treatment
Board, 186
- Union of Professional and
Industrial Blind, 147, 155, 156,
1 60
*Neary, H. J. P., 146
Neisser, Albert, 182
Netting, 8
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Elliott Bequest, 116
Newcastle and Gateshead
Home Teaching Society,
42, 148, 159 t
Northern Asylum for the
Blind, Deaf, and Dumb,
20, 25
Royal Victoria School for
the Blind (formerly
Royal Victoria Blind
Asylum), 20, 22, 25, 46,
73, 74, 96, 143, 161, 166
Workshops for the Blind,
42, 96
Newnam Pensions, 12
Newport, Swinnerton Memorial
Home, 164
and Monmouth Blind Aid
Society (formerly Newport and
Monmouth Home Teaching
Society), 39, 87, 119, 130, 164
Newton Abbot Care of the Blind
Society, 10
New York
Association for the Blind,
93
Committee for Men Blinded
in Battle, 123
for the Prevention of
Blindness, 184
Institute for the Education
of the Blind (formerly
New York Institution
for the Blind), 16, 17, 44
Point, 44, 55
New Zealand, 67, 109
*Nicholls, A. M., 138
Nicholson, Rev. J. B., 97
*Norris, Edwin, 81
North Adelaide, Royal Institution
for the Blind, 62, 80, 132
Beds. Blind Society (for-
merly Bedford and Dis-
trict Blind Society), 140,
165
Devon Blind Society, no
London Homes for Aged
Christian Blind Men and
Women, 58, 80, 103, 174
Shields, Northern Counties
Blind Society (see also
"Tynemouth"),64, 73,81,
83, 119, 159
Wales Home Teaching
Society, Bangor, 60
Wales School for Blind
Children, 91
Northampton and County Associa-
tion for the General Wel-
fare of the Blind, 76, 79,
81, 164
(Town and County) Associa-
tion for the Blind, 164, 1 66
Northamptonshire Association for
the Blind, 148, 164
Northern Counties Association for
the Blind (formerly North of
England Union of Institutions
and Ageftcies for the Blind), 99,
161
228
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY .OF
Northern Counties Blind Society,
48, 62, 64, 73, 81,
83, 119, 159
Institute, Inverness,
43, 49, 59, 65
North-Western Counties Associa-
tion (formerly North-West
Counties Union), 106
Norwich Institution (formerly
Norwich Asylum and School for
the Blind), n, 18, 22, 69, 85,
122, 151
Norwood, A. B., 86, 127
, conference at, 69
, Royal Normal College, 48,
53, 61, 64, 66, 69, 75, 76, 79,
85, 103, 116, 122, 126, 176
Nottingham County Associa-
tion for the Blind, 148,
1 66
Public Library, 64
, Royal Midland Institution
for the Blind, 23, 27, 34, 51,
61, 67, 72, 74, 85, 90, 92, 94, 96,
109, in, 114, 126, 143, 164,
1 66
Nuggets, 135
O'DwYER, Sir Michael, 162
Oldham
Blind Women's Industries,
92, 143
Home Teaching Society, 55,
143, 155, 176
Workshops, 62
Ophthalmia neonatorum, notifi-
cation of, 184, 185
Ophthalmological Society, Lon-
don, 183
Ophthalmologists, Council of
British, 185
Ophthalmoscope, 182
Optophone, 115
Orchestra, blind, 8
Organists, blind, 6, 8, 27, 36, 66,
94, 128, 176
Orthography, abbreviated, 58
Oundle, 5
Outlook for the Blind, 103
Overend Cottage Homes, Sheffield,
79
Oxford-
City and County Society
for the Blind, 54, 122
George Barker* Memorial,
96
Oxford (contd. )
Haynes Pensions, 12
Woodington Pensions, 52
PAINTER Stainers' Company, 2, 7
Paisley and District Workshop
for the Blind, 90
Palestine, school in, 75
Paris-
Association Valentin Haiiy,
127
Conferences at, 56 V 2, 173
L'hopital des quinze vingts,
i
L'institution nationale des
jeunes aveugles, 8, 16,
27
Parliamentary Bills, 117
*Parr, Thomas, 24
*Pearson, Sir Arthur, 122, 123,
125, 126, 128, 131, 138,
148, 155
Memorial Fund, 155
Pembrokeshire Blind Relief
Society, 35, 148
Pennsylvania
Accidents Causing Blind-
ness in, 185
Home Teaching Society,
93
Institution, Philadelphia,
17
Working Home for Blind
Men, 93
Pepi-Ankh of Iri, 179
Percy, Lady Algernon, 132
Periodicals in Braille
Blind Citizen, The, 146
Braille Mail, 99
Musical Magazine, log
Packet, 93
Radio Times, 167
Channels of Blessing, 81
Church Messenger, The, 76
Comrades, in
Craigmillar Harp, The, 75
Daily Mail (Braille Edi-
tion), 99
First monthly, 59
First weekly, 71
Gospel Light in Heathen
Darkness, 75
Hampstead Magazine, The,
9i
Hora Jucunda, 73
Horizon, The, 151
WORK FOR THE BLIND
229
Periodicals in Braille (contd.)
King's Messenger, The, 75
Light B ringer, The, 122
Literary Journal, The, 114
Louis Braille, Le, 61
Massage Journal, 126
Matilda Zieglev Magazine
- (U.S.A.), 103
Mission Field, The, 93
Nuggets, -135
Playtime, 70
Progress, 59
Punch, 176
Recreation, 75
Santa Lucia, 67, 173
School Magazine, The, 119
Seeker, The, 161
Tribune, The, 156
Venture, The, 176
Weekly Summary, The, 71
in ink-print
Beacon, The (later TA0 Afezu
Beacon), 91, 130
Blind, The, 79, 139
Advocate, The, 79
Braille Review, The, 91
L?gM /o M* B//w^ (India),
130
Outlook, The (U.S.A.), 103
St. Dunstan's Review, 126
Teacher of the Blind, The,
119
Teachers' Forum, The
(U.S.A.), 173
Valentin Haiiy, Le, 61
in Moon type
Dawn, 64, 159
Moon Magazine, The, 99
Newspaper, The, 151
, total number of, 1 73
Perkins Institution, Boston,
U.S.A. (formerly New England
Asylum for the Blind), 16, 17,
21, 55. 97. 175
Perth Society for Teaching the
Blind, 41
Peterborough Society * for the
Blind, 117
Phoenix Home, London (see
"Cecilia Home for Blind
Women")
Piano-tuning, 16, 65
Pierson Webber, Captain, 91
Pine, H. W., 126
*Platt,H. E., 109, 118
Playtime, 70
1 6 (2155)
Plymouth
Devonport and Western
Counties Association,
173
South Devon and Cornwall
Institution (formerly In-
stitution for the Instruc-
tion and Employment of
thelind),34,36, 54,55,
70, 79, 108, 109
Pocock, Thomas, 37
Pollard, Captain G., 169
Pontefract Blind Visiting Society,
in
Pontlieu, France, I
Pontypridd and District Institu-
tion for the Blind, 139, 167, 170
Poor Adult Blind Pension Society,
London, 32, 99
Law
Act (1879), 56
Amendment Act (1845), 24
Amendment Act (1868), 43
(Certified Schools) Act
(1862), 36
Elizabethan, 3
Portsmouth
Scale's Charity, 86
Voluntary Association fgr
the Blind, 151
Post Office (Literature for the
Blind), Act (1906)^97
Postal Regulations, 93, 97, 164
Regulations in America, 93
in Australia, 86
Poultry-rearing, 91
*Preece, H. C., no, 160
Preston Industrial Institute for
the Blind, 42, 51, 75, 79, 119,
156
Prevention of blindness, 182, 184,
185, 186
Priestley, Miles, 139, 164
Priestman, Alderman, 62
Print, raised, 3, 4, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16,
20, 21, 25, 44, 55, 81, 88, 93, 97,
114, 177
Printing and Kindred Trades
Blind Aid Committee, 166
Progress, 59
Protestant Blind Society (see
Royal Blind Pension Society)
Ptah of Memphis, 1 79
Public Health Act (1925), 185
Punch, 176 }
*Purse, Een, 132, 143, 147, 156
230
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY. OF
RAMPAZETTO of Rome, 3
*Rangcr, Sir Washington, 134,
J 54
Rashdale's Charity, London, 10
Rau, P. N. V., 130
Raverat, G. L., 173
Reading Association for the Wel-
fare of the Blind (formerly
Blind Aid Society), 71, 161
Reading Competition (National
Library), 143
Recreation, 75
Regional Supervisor of Blind
Welfare, 177
Register of the Blind, 138, 148
Registration, uniform, 167
Reigate
Ellen Terry National Home,
134, 161, 177
Home Industries Depart-
ment (N.I.B.), 147, 170
Removal of tear-passage, Opera-
tion for, 181
Rhondda Institution, Llwynypia,
143, 174
Rhyl, North Wales School, 91
Richmond Institution, Dublin,
12, 52, Q2
Ritchie, Dr. J. M., 124, 170, 172
Roberts, Rt. Hon. G. H., 162,
1 68
Robertson, Dl\ W. Tindal, 54
* Robinson, Miss Jean, 176
Rochdale and District Society for
the Blind, 46, 76, 96
Rochfort Wade Hostel, Dublin,
H5
Rockliffe, Dr. W. C., 80
Home, Hull, 80
Roller skating for the blind, 66
Roman type, 47
Rope mat-making, 18
Rosedale, Dr. H. G., 114, 146, 169
Rossendale Society for Visiting
the Blind, Bacup, 68, 98
Rothwell, Miss, 129
Rouen, France, i
Royal Blind Asylum and School
for the Blind, Edin-
burgh, 9, n, 15, 48,
53. 63, 66, 69, 73,
75. 77. 9i, 92, 95,
101, 124, 154, 171
Pension Society, Lon-
don (formerly Protestant Blind
Society), 37, 52, 66, 713, 77
Royal Commission on the Blind,
Deaf, and Dumb, 63, 67
- Dundee Institution for the
Blind, 38, 63, 78, 101, 121,
124
-- Glasgow Asylum for the
Blind, u, 15, 57, 80, 95,
- Institution for the Blind,
Birmingham, 24, 25,
27,28,30,32,39,47,
57. 7L 77. 82, 84,
89, Qi, 94, 99, 104,
117, 118, 136, 170,
171
-- for the Blind, Brad-
ford, 34, 36, 43, 50, 62, 72,
86, 90, 98, 104, 107, 112,
127, 140, 157
- London Ophthalmic Hospi-
tal, 181
-- Midland Institution for the
Blind, Nottingham, 23,
27, 34, 51, 61, 67, 72, 74,
85, 90, 92, 94, 96, 109,
in, 114, 126, 143, 164,
166
-- Normal College, Norwood,
48, 53, 61, 64, 66, 69, 75,
76, 79, 85, 103, 116, 122,
126, 176
- School of Industry for the
Blind, Bristol, 9, n,
19, 28, 29, 92, 101,
112, 136, 141, 160,
175
-- for the Blind, Leather-
head, 10, 59, 74, 88, 114,
116, 138, 163, 171
- Sheffield Institution for the
Blind, 33, 34, 45, 49, 57,
59, 79, 83, 99, 149, 167
- Victoria School, Newcastle,
20, 22, 25, 46, 73, 74, 96, 143,
161, 166
Rubislaw Special School (Myopes),
9i
Rushton, Edward, 9, 13
Russia, 12, 126
Rutland, see Leicester
ST. ALBAN'S Guest House for
Blind Ladies, 156, 170
St. Basil, i
St. Bertrand of Mans, i
WORK FOR THE BLIND
231
St. Dunstan's Hostel for Blinded
Soldiers and Sailors, London,
124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 135,
138, 141, 144, 148, 151, 155, 162
St. Dunstan's Review, 126
St. Helen's and District Society
for the Welfare of the Blind,
130 152, 174
St. John's Guild for the Blind, 156,
170
St. Joseph's Asylum, Dublin, 32
St. Leonards-on-Sea
Homef or Defective Women ,
in
Hostel for Blinded Soldiers,
144
National Institute for the
Blind Convalescent and
Holiday Home, 162, 168
Private Convalescent and
Holiday Home (Miss
Hood), 69
School for Mentally Defec-
tive Children, 91, in
St. Louis Exhibition (U.S.A.), 93
St. Lymnaeus, Hermit of, i
St. Mary's Asylum, Dublin, 31, 65
St. Raphael's Home, Cork, 65
St. Vincent's House, Dublin, 31
St. Vincent's Schools (Glasgow
and Lanark), 46, 113
Salvarsan, Use of, 184
Sal vino degli Armati, 180
San Francisco Library, 86
Santa Lucia, 67, 173
Saunders, J. C., 181
*Saunderson, Nicholas, 5, 9, 13
Scale Charity, Portsmouth, 86
Scarborough Industrial Home for
Women, 74
School for Children of the Upper
Class, Barnes, 60
for the Indigent Blind, Lon-
don (see also "Royal
School for the Blind,
Leatherhead"), 10, 12, 14,
15, 17, 34. 38, !>o, 58, 59,
74, 81, 88
Magazine, The, 119
Scotland (see Aberdeen, Alloa,
Dumfries, Dundee, Edinburgh,
Fife, Forfar, Glasgow, Inver-
ness, Kirkcaldy, Kirkliston,
Lanark, Paisley, Perth, Shet-
land, Stirling)
Scott, Miss E. R., 71
Scottish National Federation of
Institutions and
Societies, 130
Institution for Blinded
Soldiers and Sailors, Edinburgh,
124, 169
Sculptor, blind, 4
Seeker, The, 161
Selected Works of British Blind
Composers 'f 'i 48
Servers of the Blind League,
London (formerly Braille and
Servers of the Blind League),
133, 161, 165, 177
Shampooing by the blind (Birm-
ingham), 89
Shand Memorial Fund, 64
Shaw, Rt. Hon. Lord, 128
Sheermen, Company of, 3
Sheffield Home Mission and Sab-
bath School, 49
Royal Institution for the
Blind (formerly Sheffield
Workshops for the Blind),
33. 34. 45. 49, 57. 59. 79,
83, 99, 149, 167
Workshops, 177
Shorthand, braille, 79, 82, 115
and typewriting, 77, 84
Shropshire Association for the
Blind (formerly Home Teaching
Society), 106, 15 j
*Siddall, A., 76
Sight-saving classes (U.S.A.), 117
Sittingbourne Association for the
Welfare of the BJind, 117
*Sizeranne, Maurice de la, 58, 61
Smith, Joel, 55
Training College, Norwood,
75.76
Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge, 76
for the Propagation of the
Gospel, 93
Solicitor, blind, 135
Somers Town Blind Aid Society
(see Hepburn Starey Blind Aid
Society)
Somerset County Association for
the Blind, 135
Sound locating by the blind, 135
South Africa, 59
Beds Society for the Blind
(formerly Luton and District
Committee), 136, 140, 151,
165
232
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY. OF
South Devon and Cornwall Insti-
tution for the Blind,
Plymouth, 34, 36, 54, 55,
70, 79, 108, 109
Eastern and London Coun-
ties Association for the
Blind (see also "Metro-
politan and Adjacent
Counties Association for
the Blind "), c i 07, 163, 172,
176
London Association for
Assisting the Blind,
37
Institute (formerly
Hampton's Mission), 46,
102
Shields Institution for the
Blind, 152, 156, 164
Wales and Monmouthshire
Association (formerly South
Wales and Monmouth Union),
106, 168
Southampton Association for the
Blind, 68, 149
Southend-on-Sea
Holiday Home for the
Blind, 76
North London Homes
(Branch), 80, 103
Voluntary Committee for
the Care of the Blind,
152
Southport
Home of Rest for Women,
97
Sunshine Home, 156
Southsea
Hants and Isle of Wight
School for the Blind, 38
Moody 's Charity, 106
Spain, 14
Spectacle Mission Society, London,
183
Spectacles, invention of, 180
Spinning, 9, 21
Stafford-
Alice Fenton's Charity,
103
Staffordshire Association
for the Blind, 136
Stainsby, Henry, 82, 89, 99, 104,
105, 160
Memorial Fund, 163
Stainsby-Wayne BraiCle inter-
pointing machine, IOIi
Stainsby-Wayne shorthand ma-
chine, 82, 89
Stair-rod making, 158
'Stanley, John, 8
Starey, Mrs. Hepburn, 154
Stay-lace making, 9
Steglitz School for the Blind, Ger-
many, ii
Stereotyped plates, Braille, 48,
88
Stirling, Clackmannan, and Lin-
lithgow Society, Alloa, 39
Stock, John, 7
Stockholm Institution for the
Blind, 12
Stockport
George Walthew Bequest,
in
Institute for the Blind,
Deaf, and Dumb, 42
Stoke-on-Trent and North Staffs
Committee for the Care of the
Blind, Hanley, 77, 87, 102
Stone, William, 95
Stourbridge Institution for the
Blind, 126, 159
Straw plait-making, 24
*Strehl, Dr. Carl, 171
String alphabet, 4
Stroud, Gyde Charity, 73
Sunbeam Mission, 88, 144
Sunday Afternoon Bible Class,
London, 37
Sunderland and Durham County
Incorporated Royal Insti-
tution for the Blind, 54,
77, 126
Museum, 112
Sunshine Homes for Blind Babies,
132, 156, 158, 168, 175
Surrey Association for the Blind
(see "London Association
for the Blind")
Voluntary Association for
the Blind, 152
Sussex, Fuller's Charity, 10
Swansea and South Wales Institu-
tion (formerly Swansea
Society for Teaching the.
Adult Blind), 39, 41, 49,
5i> 63, 77, 82, 86, 89, 93,
106, 139, 167
Asylum for the Aged Blind,
2
Sweden, 12, 103
Swimming for the blind, 61
WORK FOR THE BLIND
233
Swinnerton Memorial Home, New- I
port, 164
Swiss Cottage School for the Blind,
London (see "London Society
for Teaching and Training the
Blind")
Switzerland, 12, 163
Sydney Industrial Blind Institu-
tion, 57
Syphilis, organism of, 184
Syria, i
TATE, W. H., 140
Taunton Home Teaching Society,
76
Taylor, Miss Beatrice, 88, 144
* , H. Martyn, icTi, 113, 124,
167 ' *
, Rev. William, 18
Frame, 18 j
Teacher of the Blind, The, 119
Teachers, Employment of Blind,
176
, Forum, The, 173
, training of, 75, 76
Telephonist, blind, 99
Temple, Archbishop, 89
Tennant, John, 83, 177
Theosophical Society, 122, 161
*Thirlander, Herr, 103
Thomas Burns Home, Edinburgh,
171
Clayton Workshops, Burn-
ley, 162
Jackson Trust, York, 149
Thread -making by the blind, 8
Thurman, W. H.,i04, 139, 176
Thwaytes, William, 18
*Tighe, J. W., 67
Tile-making by the blind (Marks
Tey), 163
Todmorden Society for the Blind,
123
Toothed wheel pencil and com-
passes, 64
Torquay and District Spciety for
the Blind, 1 1 1
*Towse, Sir Beachcroft, 154, 155,
168, 169
Trading difficulties, 47
Travelling facilities, 99, 107, 109
no, 120
Tribune, The, 156
Tridectomy, 182
Tunbridge Wells Workshops for
the Blind, 77, 139
Tynemouth Blind Welfare Society,
and Northern Counties Library
(formerly Tynemouth Social
Committee), 83, 152, 159, 170
Typewriting by the blind, 26, 66
77. 138
Tyringham Club Blind Pension
Fund, 141
ULSTER Society for Promoting the
Education of the Deaf, Dumb,
and Blind, Belfast, 16
Uniform type, 87, 128
Union of Counties Associations for
the Blind (formerly Union of
Unions), 99, 106, 107, 109, 136,
137- 153
Upholstery, 174
VALENTIN Haiiy Association,
Paris, 127
Haiiy, Le, 61
Vancouver, school in, 127
Van Landagen, Hippoylyte, 35
Venture, The, 176
Vienna, conferences at, 49, 17 1
School for the Blind, n
Vivian, Glyn, 101
Von Graefe, 182 ,
Helmholtz, Herman, 182
Kempellen, 6
Niederhausen, H., 64 159
Paradis, Maria Theresa, 6
WAIT, William, 44
Wakefield and District Institution
and Workshops for the
Blind, 45, 86, 93
, Child Memorial Home, 159
Waldkirch, Elizabeth, 4
Wales (see Aberdare, Bangor,
Brecon, Cardiff, Cardiganshire,
Carmarthenshire, Caswell Bay,
Glamorganshire, Llandevaud,
Llwynypia, Merthyr Tydfil,
Newport, Pembrokeshire,
Pontypridd, Rhondda, Rhyl,
South Wales and Monmouth-
shire, Swansea
*Walford, Hugh, 71,161
Walsall, Wednesbury, and District
Society for the Blind, 97
Walsh, Stephen, 129, 136
234
CHRONOLOGICAL SURVEY OF
Walthamstow Committee for the
Welfare of the Blind, 91
War Pensions, Royal Warrant on,
127, 131
*Warrilow, H. C., 109, 128
Warrington, Widnes, and District
Society for the Blind, 156
Warwickshire Association for the
Blind, 115
Wast, Joan, 3
Watercress and Flower Girls'
Christian Mission (see "Groom's
Crippleage")
Watson, Edward, 85, 90, 173
*Waudby, Rev. C. F., 156
*Way, Percy, 138
Wayne, Alfred, 82, 89
Weaving by the blind, 28, 80,
85
Webster and Davidson Mortifica-
tion, Dundee, 21
Weekly Summary, The, 71
*Weissembourg, Herr, 5
Westcliff-on-Sea, North London
Homes, 174
Western Counties Association for
the Blind (formerly Western
Counties Union), 107
West Ham Association for the
Blind, 157, 170
Hartlep^ol (see Hartlepool)
London Workshops for the
Blind (formerly Kensing-
ton Institute), 58, 64, 74,
90, 135, 150
of England Institution for
the Blind, Exeter, 19, 20,
21, 22, 25, 27, 28, 32, 36,
42, 44, 65, 90, 101, 108,
118
Suffolk Blind Association,
123, 144
Sussex Association for the
Blind, 149
Weston-super-Mare Blind Society,
144
West's Trusts for the Blind, 5
Whip-plaiting (Bristol), 9
Whitby Trust for the Blind, 100
Workshop for the Blind,
75
*Whitfield, H. Michael, 155
Wigan, Leigh and District Work-
shops for the Blind, 131, 174
Wilberforce, William, 17
Wilkinson, John GrimsHaw, 98
- Wilkinson, John (Harrogate), 40,
59
Willans, Captain H., 172
William the Conqueror, i
Stevenson Trust, Birming-
ham, 104
Wilson, Henry J., 65, 79, 94, 102,
104, 107, 109, 113, 114,
120, 129, 137, 139, 141,
147
, J. G., 168
Wilts County Association, 139
Wimbledon Depot for Sale of
Work, 115
Wing pensions, 67
Winter, Miss Agnes, 177
Wintle's Charity, Gloucester, 24
Wireless for the Blind Fund,
British, 174
Telegraphy (Blind Persons'
Facilities) Act (1926), 162
*Wolstenholme, William, 109
Wolverhampton, Dudley and Dis-
tricts Institution for the Blind,
51, 61, 82
Woodington's Charity, Oxford, 52
Woodworking, 92
Worcester
Corbett's Charities, 100
Home Teaching Society,
45
Society for Promoting
Cheap Literature for the
Blind, 44
Worcester College for the
Blind, 41, 45, 49, 68, 89,
97, 100, 119, 131
Worcestershire Association
for the Blind, 119
Workers for the Blind, Association
of, 124
Workshops for the Blind of Kent,
Greenwich, 53, 70, 172
for the Blind, Association of,
172
for the Blind of London,
Federation Board of, 114,
130
, Scheme for Amalgamation
of, 105
Worthing Society for the Blind,
117
Wycliffe Home and Hostel, Leices-
ter^
Society, Leicester, 72
Wyllie, R. W., 25
WORK FOR THE BLIND
235
YARNOLD'S Charity, Berkshire,
15
Yeovil Care of the Blind Society,
123
York-
Conference, 6 1
Dorothy Wilson's Charity,
Emanuel Charity, 7
Mrs. Markham's Fund, 41
Thomas Jackson Trust, 149
Travelling facilities, 120
York (contd.)
Yorkshire School for the
Blind, 17, 18, 21, 23, 36,
4i> 49, 50, 52, 62, 65, 74,
79, 84, 86, 107, 123, 127
Yorkshire Association for the
Adult Deaf and Dumb, 53
Young Women's Christian
Association. 81
ZEITOUN School for the Blind,
Egypt, 84
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